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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a publication by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for the classification of mental disorders using a common language and standard criteria. It is the main book for the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in the United States and is considered one of the principal guides of psychiatry, along with the International Classification of Diseases ICD, CCMD, and the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual. However, not all providers rely on the DSM-5 as a guide, since the ICD's mental disorder diagnoses are used around the world and scientific studies often measure changes in symptom scale scores rather than changes in DSM-5 criteria to determine the real-world effects of mental health interventions.
Paraphilia is the experience of recurring or intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals. It has also been defined as a sexual interest in anything other than a consenting human partner.
Borderline personality disorder (BPD), also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD), is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of intense and unstable interpersonal relationships, distorted sense of self, and strong emotional reactions. Those affected often engage in self-harm and other dangerous behaviors, often due to their difficulty with returning their emotional level to a healthy or normal baseline. They may also struggle with dissociation, a feeling of emptiness, and a fear of abandonment.
Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive attention-seeking behaviors, usually beginning in early adulthood, including inappropriate seduction and an excessive desire for approval. People diagnosed with the disorder are said to be lively, dramatic, vivacious, enthusiastic, extroverted and flirtatious.
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a mental disorder characterized by a life-long pattern of exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a diminished ability to empathize with others' feelings. Narcissistic personality disorder is one of the sub-types of the broader category known as personality disorders. It is often comorbid with other mental disorders and associated with significant functional impairment and psychosocial disability.
Schizoid personality disorder is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency toward a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment, and apathy. Affected individuals may be unable to form intimate attachments to others and simultaneously possess a rich and elaborate but exclusively internal fantasy world. Other associated features include stilted speech, a lack of deriving enjoyment from most activities, feeling as though one is an "observer" rather than a participant in life, an inability to tolerate emotional expectations of others, apparent indifference when praised or criticized, a degree of asexuality, and idiosyncratic moral or political beliefs.
Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) or Anxious personality disorder is a Cluster C personality disorder characterized by excessive social anxiety and inhibition, fear of intimacy, severe feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, and an overreliance on avoidance of feared stimuli as a maladaptive coping method. Those affected typically display a pattern of extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and rejection, a belief that one is socially inept or personally unappealing to others, and avoidance of social interaction despite a strong desire for it. It appears to affect an approximately equal number of men and women.
Robert Leopold Spitzer was a psychiatrist and professor of psychiatry at Columbia University in New York City. He was a major force in the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
Sadistic personality disorder was a proposed personality disorder defined by a pervasive pattern of sadistic and cruel behavior. People with this disorder were thought to have desired to control others. It was believed they accomplish this through the use of physical or emotional violence. This diagnosis appeared in an appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R). The later versions of the DSM do not include it. It was removed as psychiatrists believed it would be used to legally excuse sadistic behavior.
The classification of mental disorders, also known as psychiatric nosology or psychiatric taxonomy, is central to the practice of psychiatry and other mental health professions.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In 2022, a revised version (DSM-5-TR) was published. In the United States, the DSM serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses. Treatment recommendations, as well as payment by health care providers, are often determined by DSM classifications, so the appearance of a new version has practical importance. However, not all providers rely on the DSM-5 for planning treatment as the ICD's mental disorder diagnoses are used around the world and scientific studies often measure changes in symptom scale scores rather than changes in DSM-5 criteria to determine the real-world effects of mental health interventions. The DSM-5 is the only DSM to use an Arabic numeral instead of a Roman numeral in its title, as well as the only living document version of a DSM.
Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's culture. These patterns develop early, are inflexible, and are associated with significant distress or disability. The definitions vary by source and remain a matter of controversy. Official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the sixth chapter of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
In psychology, grandiosity is a sense of superiority, uniqueness, or invulnerability that is unrealistic and not based on personal capability. It may be expressed by exaggerated beliefs regarding one's abilities, the belief that few other people have anything in common with oneself, and that one can only be understood by a few, very special people. The personality trait of grandiosity is principally associated with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), but also is a feature in the occurrence and expression of antisocial personality disorder, and the manic and hypomanic episodes of bipolar disorder.
In psychology, manipulation is defined as subterfuge designed to influence or control another, usually in a manner which facilitates one's personal aims. The methods used distort or orient the interlocutor's perception of reality, in particular through seduction, suggestion, persuasion and non-voluntary or consensual submission. Definitions for the term vary in which behavior is specifically included, influenced by both culture and whether referring to the general population or used in clinical contexts. Manipulation is generally considered a dishonest form of social influence as it is used at the expense of others.
In personality pathology, dimensional models of personality disorders conceptualize personality disorders as qualitatively rather than quantitatively different from normal personality. They consist of extreme, maladaptive levels of certain personality characteristics. Within the context of personality psychology, a "dimension" refers to a continuum on which an individual can have various levels of a characteristic, in contrast to the dichotomous categorical approach in which an individual does or does not possess a characteristic. According to dimensional models personality disorders are classified according to which characteristics are expressed at which levels. This stands in contrast to the traditional categorical models of classification, which are based on the boolean presence or absence of symptoms and do not take into account levels of expression of a characteristic or the presence of any underlying dimension.
Robert Frank Krueger is Hathaway Distinguished Professor of Clinical Psychology and Distinguished McKnight University Professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Minnesota. Robert attended the University of Wisconsin-Madison and completed his clinical internship at Brown University. He is known for his research on personality psychology, clinical psychology, quantitative psychology, developmental psychology, personality disorders, behavioral genetics, and psychopathology. According to Krueger, the goal of his work is to "reduce the burden these problems place on society by working to understand why some people experience psychopathology, while others remain resilient." Krueger primarily studies the comorbidity between personality disorders and anxiety, as well as twins, heritability, personality development, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. He is the co-editor-in-chief of the Journal of Personality Disorders. He received the American Psychological Association's Award for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology in 2005. Krueger helped work on the section III diagnostic criteria of the Personality and Personality Disorders in the DSM-5. He is also one of the highest cited researchers according to the Web of Science.
Janet B. W. Williams is an American social worker who focuses on the diagnosis and assessment of mental disorders. She is Professor Emerita of Clinical Psychiatric Social Work at Columbia University. She was a major force in writing the PHQ-9, a 9-question instrument given to patients in a primary care setting to screen for the presence and severity of depression.
The Hierarchical Taxonomy Of Psychopathology (HiTOP) consortium was formed in 2015 as a grassroots effort to articulate a classification of mental health problems based on recent scientific findings on how the components of mental disorders fit together. The consortium is developing the HiTOP model, a classification system, or taxonomy, of mental disorders, or psychopathology, aiming to prioritize scientific results over convention and clinical opinion. The motives for proposing this classification were to aid clinical practice and mental health research. The consortium was organized by Drs. Roman Kotov, Robert Krueger, and David Watson. At inception it included 40 psychologists and psychiatrists, who had a record of scientific contributions to classification of psychopathology The HiTOP model aims to address limitations of traditional classification systems for mental illness, such as the DSM-5 and ICD-10, by organizing psychopathology according to evidence from research on observable patterns of mental health problems.
John M. Oldham is an American psychiatrist who is a distinguished emeritus professor at the Baylor College of Medicine.
Leslie Charles Morey is an American psychologist and an expert in diagnosis and psychiatric classification. He was born in Chicago Heights, Illinois on May 4, 1956. Morey received a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from Northern Illinois University in 1977, and a Master of Science and Doctorate from University of Florida in clinical psychology in the years 1979 and 1981. Morey continued on to serve a clinical internship in 1981 at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. From 1981 to 1982 he worked at the Department of Psychology at the University of Tulsa. Beginning in 1982, and ending in 1984, he worked as the assistant professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the Yale School of Medicine, and then in 1984, he transferred to Vanderbilt University where he worked as the Professor of Psychology and the Director of Clinical Training until 1998. He worked at the Vanderbilt University until 1999. Morey worked at Harvard Medical School from 1995 to 1996, and from 2006 to 2010 he was the head of the department of psychology at the Texas A&M University. Since 2012 he has worked as their George T. and Gladys H. Abell professor of Psychology.
References
- ↑ "Andrew E. Skodol, MD | The Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona Health Sciences". psychiatry.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
- ↑ "Andrew E. Skodol, MD | College of Medicine - Tucson". medicine.arizona.edu. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ↑ "Author - MSD Manual Professional Edition". MSD Manual Professional Version. 2021-05-08. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ↑ "Presidents of the APPA | APPA". Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ↑ Dingfelder, S. (2011). "Narcissism and the DSM". www.apa.org. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ↑ Skodol, Andrew E.; Bender, Donna S.; Morey, Leslie C. (2014). "Narcissistic personality disorder in DSM-5". Personality Disorders. 5 (4): 422–427. doi:10.1037/per0000023. ISSN 1949-2723. PMID 23834518. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022.
- ↑ "Andrew E. Skodol, MD | Global Medical Education". www.gmeded.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
- ↑ Skodol, rew E.; Arizona, M. D. from University of. "Andrew E. Skodol, M.D." Anxiety.org. Archived from the original on June 29, 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
- ↑ "Andrew E. Skodol: H-index & Awards - Academic Profile". Research.com. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
- ↑ "Proposed Changes in Personality and Personality Disorder Assessment and Diagnosis for DSM-5 Part I: Description and Rationale" (PDF). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. American Psychiatric Association. 2: 4–22. 2011. doi:10.1037/a0021891. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2021 – via The University of Arizona.
- ↑ Andrew E. Skodol (2018-04-05). "Personality Traits Play Major Role in the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders". Psychiatrics News. doi:10.1176/appi.pn.2018.4a20. Archived from the original on June 30, 2022.
