Glocalization or glocalisation is the "simultaneous occurrence of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies in contemporary social, political, and economic systems". The concept comes from the Japanese word dochakuka and "represents a challenge to simplistic conceptions of globalization processes as linear expansions of territorial scales. Glocalization indicates that the growing importance of continental and global levels is occurring together with the increasing salience of local and regional levels."
Global governance refers to institutions that coordinate the behavior of transnational actors, facilitate cooperation, resolve disputes, and alleviate collective action problems. Global governance broadly entails making, monitoring, and enforcing rules. Within global governance, a variety of types of actors – not just states – exercise power. Governance is thus broader than government.
In political science and in international and comparative law and economics, transitology is the study of the process of change from one political regime to another, mainly from authoritarian regimes to democratic ones rooted in conflicting and consensual varieties of economic liberalism.
Transitional justice is a process which responds to human rights violations through judicial redress, political reforms and cultural healing efforts in a region or country, and other measures in order to prevent the recurrence of human rights abuse. Transitional justice consists of judicial and non-judicial measures implemented in order to redress legacies of human rights abuses. Such mechanisms "include criminal prosecutions, truth commissions, reparations programs, and various kinds of institutional reforms" as well as memorials, apologies, and various art forms. Transitional justice is instituted at a point of political transition classically from war to positive peace, or more broadly from violence and repression to societal stability and it is informed by a society's desire to rebuild social trust, reestablish what is right from what is wrong, repair a fractured justice system, and build a democratic system of governance. Given different contexts and implementation the ability to achieve these outcomes varies. The core value of transitional justice is the very notion of justice—which does not necessarily mean criminal justice. This notion and the political transformation, such as regime change or transition from conflict are thus linked to a more peaceful, certain, and democratic future.
An amnesty law is any legislative, constitutional or executive arrangement that retroactively exempts a select group of people, usually military leaders and government leaders, from criminal liability for the crimes that they committed. More specifically, in the 'age of accountability', amnesty laws have come to be considered as granting impunity for the violation of human rights, including institutional measures that preclude the prosecution for such crimes and reprieve those crimes already convicted, avoiding any form of accountability.
Stephen Hopgood is Professor of International Relations at the SOAS, University of London. He is also the co-director of the Centre for the International Politics of Conflict, Rights and Justice and Associate Dean for Research in the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences. His most recent book is The Endtimes of Human Rights (2013) in which he argues that declining Western power will undermine the prospects for global human rights. His 2006 book, Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International, is the first ethnographic account of a global human rights NGO and received the Best Book in Human Rights award from the American Political Science Association. Hopgood is currently working on an edited collection with Jack Snyder and Leslie Vinjamuri titled Human Rights Futures. From 2002 to 2004, he was a Social Science Research Council Fellow in Global Security and Cooperation and from 2009 to 2012 he held a Major Research Fellowship from the Leverhulme Trust. Hopgood is also a regular contributor to the online discussion forum openGlobalRights.
Environmental politics designate both the politics about the environment and an academic field of study focused on three core components:
Chris Mahony is a former rugby union player for the Auckland Air New Zealand Cup team, playing fullback centre or wing. He played for Oxford University where he has completed a Masters in African Studies and a DPhil in Politics.
The Earth System Governance Project is a research network or alliance that builds on the work from research centers and researchers studying earth system governance. It is a long-term, interdisciplinary social science research alliance originally developed under the auspices of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change. The network started in January 2009. Over time, it has evolved into a broader research alliance that builds on an international network of research centers, lead faculty and research fellows. It is now the largest social science research network in the area of governance and global environmental change.
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states.
John S. Dryzek is a Centenary Professor at the Centre for Deliberative Democracy and Global Governance at the University of Canberra's Institute for Governance and Policy Analysis.
Russian influence operationsin Estonia consist of the alleged actions taken by the government of the Russian Federation to produce a favorable political and social climate in the Republic of Estonia. According to the Estonian Internal Security Service, Russian influence operations in Estonia form a complex system of financial, political, economic and espionage activities in Republic of Estonia for the purposes of influencing Estonia's political and economic decisions in ways considered favourable to the Russian Federation and conducted under the doctrine of near abroad. Conversely, the ethnic Russians in Estonia generally take a more sympathetic view of Moscow than that of the Estonian government. According to some, such as Professor Mark A. Cichock of the University of Texas at Arlington, the Russian government has actively pursued the imposition of a dependent relationship upon the Baltic states, with the desire to remain the region's dominant actor and political arbiter, continuing the Soviet pattern of hegemonic relations with these small neighbouring states. According to the Centre for Geopolitical Studies, the Russian information campaign which the centre characterises as a "real mud throwing" exercise, has provoked a split in Estonian society amongst Russian speakers, inciting some to riot over the relocation of the Bronze Soldier. The 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia is considered to be an information operation against Estonia, with the intent to influence the decisions and actions of the Estonian government. While Russia denies any direct involvement in the attacks, hostile rhetoric from the political elite via the media influenced people to attack.
Just transition is a framework developed by the trade union movement to encompass a range of social interventions needed to secure workers' rights and livelihoods when economies are shifting to sustainable production, primarily combating climate change and protecting biodiversity. In Europe, advocates for a just transition want to unite social and climate justice, for example, for coal workers in coal-dependent developing regions who lack employment opportunities beyond coal.
The Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law is a law passed by the Parliament of Spain and given royal assent on October 15, 1977, two years after Francisco Franco's death. The Law freed political prisoners and permitted those exiled to return to Spain, but also guaranteed impunity for those who participated in crimes, during the Civil War, and in Francoist Spain. The law is still in force, and has been used as a reason for not investigating and prosecuting Francoist human rights violations.
Veronica Strang is an author and professor of anthropology affiliated to Oxford University. Her work combines cultural anthropology with environmental studies, and focuses on the relationship between human communities and their environments. Strang's publications include the books 'The Meaning of Water' ; Gardening the World: agency, identity, and the ownership of water' ; 'What Anthropologists Do', 'Water Nature and Culture' and most recently 'Water Beings: from nature worship to the environmental crisis', which is based on a major comparative study of water deities around the world. Further information is available on her website at: https://www.veronicastrang.com/
Diane Orentlicher is a professor of international law at American University's Washington College of Law in Washington, D.C., and serves as Co-Faculty Director of its Center on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. In the mid-1990s, she founded the law school's War Crimes Research Office, which provides legal analysis in support of international and transitional justice initiatives.
Salvador Santino Regilme is a Dutch International Relations scholar and political scientist focusing on international human rights norms, global governance, democratization, United States foreign policy, and foreign aid. He is a tenured Associate Professor of International Relations based at the Institute of History within the Faculty of Humanities of Leiden University, the Netherlands.
Maja Göpel is a German political economist, transformation researcher, and sustainability scientist with a focus on transdisciplinary. In 2019 she co-founded the Scientists for Future initiative. Göpel is an honorary professor at Leuphana University of Lüneburg.
Jörg Tremmel is a political theorist and philosopher. He is a professor at Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Germany.
Anna Maria Grear is an English academic, author, and political activist. Grear is the founder of several academic and activist organisations, including the Global Network for the Study of Human Rights and the Environment (GNHRE) and the Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, where she is editor-in-chief. Grear is adjunct professor of law at The University of Waikato, New Zealand and was Professor of Law and Theory at Cardiff University until August 31, 2023. She has written for such international newspapers as The Wire and Süddeutsche Zeitung.
