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Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation,a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. Autoxidation leads to degradation of organic compounds,including living matter. Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products,such as polymers,fuels,and lubricants,to extend their useable lifetimes. Food are also treated with antioxidants to forestall spoilage,in particular the rancidification of oils and fats. In cells,antioxidants such as glutathione,mycothiol or bacillithiol,and enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase,can prevent damage from oxidative stress.
Tannins are a class of astringent,polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a trihydroxybenzoic acid with the formula C6H2(OH)3CO2H. It is classified as a phenolic acid. It is found in gallnuts,sumac,witch hazel,tea leaves,oak bark,and other plants. It is a white solid,although samples are typically brown owing to partial oxidation. Salts and esters of gallic acid are termed "gallates".
Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants,and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans.
Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include flavonoids,tannic acid,and ellagitannin,some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.
Aronia is a genus of deciduous shrubs,the chokeberries,in the family Rosaceae native to eastern North America and most commonly found in wet woods and swamps. The genus Aronia is considered to have 3 species. The most common and widely used is Aronia melanocarpa which emerged from Eastern North America. The lesser known Aronia arbutifolia and the hybrid form of the abovementioned species called Aronia prunifolia were first cultivated in Central and Eastern North America. In the eighteenth century,the first shrubs of the best-known species Aronia melanocarpa reached Europe where they were first cultivated in Scandinavia and Russia.
Cider apples are a group of apple cultivars grown for their use in the production of cider. Cider apples are distinguished from "cookers" and "eaters",or dessert apples,by their bitterness or dryness of flavour,qualities which make the fruit unpalatable but can be useful in cidermaking. Some apples are considered to occupy more than one category.
Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in many plants,such as cranberry,blueberry,and grape seeds. Chemically,they are oligomeric flavonoids. Many are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters. More complex polyphenols,having the same polymeric building block,form the group of tannins.
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Castalagin is an ellagitannin,a type of hydrolyzable tannin,found in oak and chestnut wood and in the stem barks of Anogeissus leiocarpus and Terminalia avicennoides.
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In biochemistry,naturally occurring phenols are natural products containing at least one phenol functional group. Phenolic compounds are produced by plants and microorganisms. Organisms sometimes synthesize phenolic compounds in response to ecological pressures such as pathogen and insect attack,UV radiation and wounding. As they are present in food consumed in human diets and in plants used in traditional medicine of several cultures,their role in human health and disease is a subject of research. Some phenols are germicidal and are used in formulating disinfectants.
Edgar Charles Bate-Smith (1900-1989) was an English chemist and phytochemist specialising in food chemistry. He worked in the Low Temperature Research Station in Cambridge where his main fields of research were meat and polyphenols.
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Marilyn Anderson is an Australian scientist and entrepreneur in the area of biochemistry and plant molecular biology. She is a professor at La Trobe University and co-founded Hexima,an agribiotechnology company,in 1998.
Amie Kathleen Boal is an American chemist. She is an associate professor of Chemistry,Biochemistry,and Molecular Biology at Pennsylvania State University. In 2020,Boal was the recipient of the Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry from the American Chemical Society.
References
- 1 2 "Professor Ann Hagerman". miamioh.edu. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- 1 2 "Distinguished Scholar Award recipients announced". miamioh.edu. September 6, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ↑ "Academic Grants and Contracts – Miami University – First Quarter Report – 2007–2008" (PDF). units.miamioh.edu. 2007. p. 2. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ↑ Hagerman, A.E.; Butler, L.G. (1981). "The Specificity of Proanthocyanidin-Protein Interactions". Journal of Biological Chemistry . 256 (9): 4494‑4497. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69462-7 . PMID 7217094.
- ↑ Robbins, C.T.; Mole, S.; Hagerman, A.E.; Hanley, T.A. (December 1987). "Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants: Reduction in protein availability". Ecology . 68: 98‑107. doi:10.2307/1938809. JSTOR 1939852.
- ↑ "Miami University Researchers of the Year". orgs.miamioh.edu. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ↑ "Taking a Closer Look at Tannins". agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov. November 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ↑ Comis, Don (November 17, 2010). "Tannins' Surprising Benefits for Soils, Forests and Farms". ars.usda.gov. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ↑ "Hagerman awarded Groupe Polyphenols Scientific Prize". miamioh.edu. September 8, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
- ↑ @mu_chem (March 29, 2018). "Congratulations to @miamiuniversity Professor Ann Hagerman and @mu_chem Alum Carrie Furnish! Ann Hagerman is the @acscincinnati 2018 Chemist of the Year! Carrie Furnish is the @acscincinnati 2018 Researcher of the Year!" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ↑ McGivern, Bridget B.; Tfaily, Malak M.; Borton, Mikayla A.; Kosina, Suzanne M.; Daly, Rebecca A.; Nicora, Carrie D.; Purvine, Samuel O.; Wong, Allison R.; Lipton, Mary S.; Hoyt, David W.; Northen, Trent R. (2021). "Decrypting bacterial polyphenol metabolism in an anoxic wetland soil". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 2466. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.2466M. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22765-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8084988 . PMID 33927199.
