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The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH),an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). NIAID's mission is to conduct basic and applied research to better understand,treat,and prevent infectious,immunologic,and allergic diseases.
Herpes simplex virus1 and 2,also known by their taxonomic names Human alphaherpesvirus 1 and Human alphaherpesvirus 2,are two members of the human Herpesviridae family,a set of viruses that produce viral infections in the majority of humans. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are very common and contagious. They can be spread when an infected person begins shedding the virus.
Genital herpes is an infection by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) of the genitals. Most people either have no or mild symptoms and thus do not know they are infected. When symptoms do occur,they typically include small blisters that break open to form painful ulcers. Flu-like symptoms,such as fever,aching,or swollen lymph nodes,may also occur. Onset is typically around 4 days after exposure with symptoms lasting up to 4 weeks. Once infected further outbreaks may occur but are generally milder.
A sexually transmitted infection (STI),also referred to as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the older term venereal disease (VD),is an infection that is spread by sexual activity,especially vaginal intercourse,anal sex,or oral sex. STIs often do not initially cause symptoms,which results in a risk of passing the infection on to others. Symptoms and signs of STIs may include vaginal discharge,penile discharge,ulcers on or around the genitals,and pelvic pain. Some STIs can cause infertility.
Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected.
Neonatal herpes simplex is a herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in a newborn baby,mostly as a result of vertical transmission of the HSV from an affected mother to her baby. Types include skin,eye,and mouth herpes (SEM),disseminated herpes (DIS),and central nervous system herpes (CNS). Depending on the type,symptoms vary from a fever to small blisters,irritability,low body temperature,lethargy,breathing difficulty,and a large abdomen due to ascites or large liver. There may be red streaming eyes or no symptoms.
A cold sore,also known as a fever blister and herpes labialis,is a type of infection by the herpes simplex virus that affects primarily the lip. Symptoms typically include a burning pain followed by small blisters or sores. The first attack may also be accompanied by fever,sore throat,and enlarged lymph nodes. The rash usually heals within ten days,but the virus remains dormant in the trigeminal ganglion. The virus may periodically reactivate to create another outbreak of sores in the mouth or lip.
Herpes simplex research includes all medical research that attempts to prevent,treat,or cure herpes,as well as fundamental research about the nature of herpes. Examples of particular herpes research include drug development,vaccines and genome editing. HSV-1 and HSV-2 are commonly thought of as oral and genital herpes respectively,but other members in the herpes family include chickenpox (varicella/zoster),cytomegalovirus,and Epstein-Barr virus. There are many more virus members that infect animals other than humans,some of which cause disease in companion animals or have economic impacts in the agriculture industry.
Akiko Iwasaki is a Sterling Professor of Immunobiology and Molecular,Cellular and Developmental Biology at Yale University. She is also a principal investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Her research interests include innate immunity,autophagy,inflammasomes,sexually transmitted infections,herpes simplex virus,human papillomavirus,respiratory virus infections,influenza infection,T cell immunity,commensal bacteria,COVID-19 and Long COVID.
Stephen E. Straus was an American physician,immunologist,virologist and science administrator. He is particularly known for his research into human herpesviruses and chronic fatigue syndrome,and for his discovery of the autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome genetic disorder. He headed the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,National Institutes of Health (NIH),and served as the founding director of the NIH's National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Remdesivir,sold under the brand name Veklury,is a broad-spectrum antiviral medication developed by the biopharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences. It is administered via injection into a vein. During the COVID‑19 pandemic,remdesivir was approved or authorized for emergency use to treat COVID‑19 in numerous countries.
Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (HHV-2) is a species of virus in the genus Simplexvirus,subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae,family Herpesviridae,and order Herpesvirales.
The Solidarity trial for treatments is a multinational Phase III-IV clinical trial organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners to compare four untested treatments for hospitalized people with severe COVID-19 illness. The trial was announced 18 March 2020,and as of 6 August 2021,12,000 patients in 30 countries had been recruited to participate in the trial.
Helen Y. Chu is an American immunologist who is an assistant professor of medicine at the University of Washington. Her research considers maternal immunization,with a focus on influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. During the COVID-19 pandemic,Chu was the first physician to recognise community transmission of the coronavirus disease within the United States.
Jeanne M. Marrazzo is an American physician-scientist and infectious diseases specialist. She is the director of the University of Alabama School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and focuses on prevention of HIV infection using biomedical interventions. Marrazzo is also a fellow of the American College of Physicians and Infectious Disease Society of America. On August 2,2023 Lawrence A. Tabak,acting director for the National Institutes of Health,named Jeanne M. Marrazzo as director of NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Drew Weissman is an American physician-scientist best known for his contributions to RNA biology. His work helped enable development of mRNA vaccines,the best known of which are those for COVID-19 produced by BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna. Weissman is the inaugural Roberts Family Professor in Vaccine Research,director of the Penn Institute for RNA Innovation,and professor of medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn). He and his research colleague Katalin Karikóhave received numerous awards including the presigious Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award.
Geeta Krishna Swamy is an American OBGYN. She is a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Duke University and Associate Vice President for Research and Vice Dean for Scientific Integrity.
Onyema Eberechukwu Ogbuagu is an American-born infectious diseases physician,educator,researcher,and clinical trial investigator,who was raised and educated in Nigeria. He is an associate professor at Yale School of Medicine in New Haven,CT and is the director of the Yale AIDS Program clinical trials unit. His research contributions have focused on HIV/AIDS prevention and COVID-19 vaccination and treatment clinical trials. He switched his focus at the beginning of the 2019 COVID pandemic and participated as a principal investigator (PI) on the Pfizer-BioNtech COVID-19 vaccine trials and the Remdesivir SIMPLE trial in 2020 and 2021. In pursuit of his global health component of his career,Ogbuagu also supports postgraduate physician medical education programs in low and middle income countries in sub-Saharan Africa in Rwanda (2013–2018) and Liberia as well as HIV treatment programs in Liberia.
Judith Aberg is an American physician who is the George Baehr Professor of Clinical Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital. She was appointed Dean of System Operations for Clinical Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Her research considered infectious diseases,including HIV/AIDS and COVID-19.
References
- 1 2 3 Matrajt, Graciela (Summer 2014). "Anna Wald, MD: the Queen of Herpes" (PDF). seattleawis.org. Seattle AWIS. pp. 17–19. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ Neary, Walter (November 10, 1999). "Study explores how people react to learning they have genital herpes". washington.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ "Philip and Helen Fialkow Scholars Award". medicine.uw.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ Neary, Walter (June 26, 2001). "Greater condom use could help prevent spread of genital herpes". washington.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ Sowers, Pam (January 9, 2003). "New findings on herpes and childbirth". washington.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ "Preventing herpes 2 transmission". washington.edu. January 15, 2004. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ "Anna Wald, MD, MPH". jwatch.org. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ "2007: A year of accomplishment for UW Health Sciences". washington.edu. January 17, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- 1 2 "New Allergy and Infectious Diseases Division Head". medicine.uw.edu. October 27, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ Gupta, Rachna; Warren, Terri; Wald, Anna (2007). "Genital Herpes". The Lancet . 370 (9605): 2127‐2137. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61908-4. PMID 18156035. S2CID 40916450 . Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ Gray, Leila (September 12, 2013). "Initial positive results reported on vaccine to treat genital herpes". washington.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ McCarthy, Michael (January 15, 2014). "Data suggest new class of drug may be potent against genital herpes". washington.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ "Marrazzo and Wald receive recognition awards". medicine.uw.edu. October 14, 2015. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ "UW STI CRC Receives $11 Million Multi-Project Syphilis Vaccine Grant". aid.uw.edu. July 26, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ "Alumni Award Recipients". alumni.icahn.mssm.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ "Remdesivir speeds recovery in cases of severe COVID-19". newsroom.uw.edu. May 22, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
