Anthony Raymond D'Augelli is Associate Dean for Undergraduate Programs and Outreach, as well as Professor of Human Development and Family Studies, at Pennsylvania State University. He is best known for his LGB identity development theory, as well as his research on LGB youth, rural LGB populations, and the impact of anti-gay victimization on LGB mental health.
D'Augelli earned his bachelor's degree in psychology/social sciences from Hofstra University in 1968. He then earned his master's degree in clinical/community psychology at the University of Connecticut at Storrs in 1970, then completed his Ph.D. in clinical/community psychology at the University of Connecticut at Storrs in 1972.
Career
In 1977, D'Augelli worked as the director of evaluation of the Community Helpers Project established by Pennsylvania State University to provide preventive mental health services for rural communities. Since then he had worked as a director of intervention programs, a psychologist, and a psychology professor. In 2004 he was hired by the Department of Human Development and Family Studies of Pennsylvania State University to teach undergraduate and graduate students, as well as to conduct research. In 2006 he accepted the position of Associate Dean for Undergraduate Programs and Outreach at Pennsylvania State University, but continues his work as professor in the department as well.
D'Augelli's research and publication agenda originally focused on helping, the training of mental health professionals, interventions, preventive mental health disorders, and eating disorders. He began to focus on sexuality and lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations in rural, higher education, and urban settings the 1980s. D'Augelli was one of the first researchers to publish scholarly articles on the experiences of LGB college students, as well as perceptions of LGB people by heterosexual students, and made an effort to capture the experiences of LGB and straight populations of color in his research.
D'Augelli is a prolific researcher and academic author. He is best known for his "homosexual lifespan development model", which he later extended to lesbian and bisexual identity development and renamed the lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) lifespan development model.
D'Augelli's Lifespan Model of Lesbian Gay Bisexual Identity Development D'Augelli published his initial "homosexual lifespan development model" in 1994. According to D'Augelli, identity is shaped by sociocultural contexts. As an individual's awareness of social circumstances changes over time, the individual's identity development will also change. D'Augelli believes that a direct connection exists between sociocultural context, perception of safety, and lesbian, gay, bisexual identity development. D'Augelli stated that other models of identity development reinforce heteronormativity, and that lesbian, gay, and bisexual identity development is often socially conditioned by fear and shame.
Unlike Vivienne Cass' stage theory of lesbian and gay identity development, D'Augelli's identity development theory focused on processes that could occur multiple times or not at all, as LGB people often must navigate the coming out process repeatedly across their lifespan. D'Augelli also recognized that LGB identity development could go dormant, then start again later in life—or simply begin when an individual perceived that it would be safe to come out.
D'Augelli's lifespan identity development model consists of the following processes: 1. Exiting a heterosexual identity 2. Developing a personal lesbian, gay, or bisexual identity status 3. Developing a lesbian, gay, or bisexual social identity 4. Claiming identity as an LGB offspring 5. Developing an LGB intimacy status 6. Entering an LGB community
An individual may experience the following processes at different times during their lifespan. Each process may occur more than once over the course of one's lifespan, or not at all. Connection with social networks also impact lesbian, gay, and bisexual identity development across the lifespan. D'Augelli's LGB lifespan identity development model also introduced the concept that sexual orientation could be fluid, and that sexual identity could occur on a spectrum as opposed to a binary.
Awards
D'Augelli has earned awards in 1991, 1995, and 2000 from the American Psychological Association for his pioneering and influential research on LGB populations.
Book Chapters D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1998). "Developmental Implications of Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths." In Gregory M. Herek (Ed.) Stigma and Sexual Orientation: Understanding Prejudice against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp.187–210. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1991). Teaching Lesbian and Gay Development: A Pedagogy of the Oppressed. In W.G. Tierney (Ed.) Culture and Ideology in Higher Education: Advancing a Critical Agenda. New York: Praeger. pp.213–233. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1994). "Identity Development and Sexual Orientation: Toward a Model of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Development." In Edison J. Trickett, Roderick J. Watts, and Dina Birman (Eds.) Human Diversity: Perspectives on People in Context. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. pp.312–333. D'Augelli, Anthony R. & D'Augelli, Judith Frankel. (1985). The Enhancement of Sexual Skills and Competence: Promoting Lifelong Sexual Unfolding. In L.L. Abate and M. Milan (Eds.) Handbook of Social Skills Training and Research. New York: John Wiley. pp.170–191. D'Augelli, Anthony R., Preston, D.B., Cain, R.E. & Schulze, R.F. (2007). Sexual Behavior Patterns of Men Who Have Sex with Men: Description and Implications for Intervention. In P.S. Fahs (Ed.) Conversations in the Disciplines: Sustaining Rural Populations. Binghamton, NY: SUNY Binghamton Press. pp.111–135.
Journal Articles D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1988). The adolescent closet: Promoting the development of the lesbian teenager. The School Psychologist, 42, pp.2–3. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1988). Community psychology and AIDS. The Community Psychologist, 21, pp.39–41. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1988). Sexual harassment and affectional status: The hidden discrimination. Community Psychologist, 21, pp.11–12. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1989). AIDS fears and homophobia among volunteers in an AIDS prevention program. Journal of Rural Community Psychology, 10, pp.29–39. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1989). Lesbian women in a rural helping network: Exploring information resources. Women and Therapy, 8, pp.119–130. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1989). The development of informal helping resources for lesbian women and gay men: a case study in community psychology. Journal of Community Psychology, 17, pp.18–29. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1989). Homophobia in a university community: Views of prospective assistants. Journal of College Student Development, 30, pp.546–552. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1989). Gay men's and lesbians' experiences of discrimination, harassment, violence, and difference in a university community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, pp.317–321. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1990). Case analysis: A shy gay male. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 1, pp.3–5. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1990). Community psychology and the HIV epidemic: The Development of Helping Communities. Journal of Community Psychology, 18, pp.337–346. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1990). Homophobia in a university community: Attitudes and experiences of white heterosexual freshmen. Journal of College Student Development, 31, pp.484–491. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1991). Gay men in college: Identity processes and adaptations. Journal of College Student Development, 32, pp.140–146. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1991). Lesbians and gay men on campus: Visibility, empowerment, and leadership. Peabody Journal of Education, 66, pp.124–142. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1992). Lesbian and gay male undergraduates' experiences of harassment and fear on campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7, pp.383–395. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1992). Lesbian/gay development: Pedagogy of the oppressed. Journal of Homosexuality, 22, pp.213–226. D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1993). Preventing mental health problems among lesbian and gay college students. Journal of Primary Prevention, 13 (4), pp.1–17. D'Augelli, Anthony R. & Hart, M.M. (1987). Gay women, men, and families in rural settings: Toward the development of helping communities. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, pp. 79-93. D'Augelli, Anthony R., Hart, M.M., & Collins, C. (1987). Social support patterns in a rural network of lesbian women. Journal of Rural Community Psychology, 8, pp.12–22. (/br) D'Augelli, Anthony R., Grossman, A.H., & Starks, M.T. (2008). Families of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: what do parents and siblings know and how do they react? Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 4 (1), pp.95–115. D'Augelli, Anthony R., Grossman, A.H., & Starks, M.T. (2006). Childhood gender atypicality, victimization, and PTSD among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, pp.1–21. D'Augelli, Anthony R., Grossman, A.H., & Starks, M.T. (2008). Gender atypicality and sexual development among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: prevalence, sex differences, and parental responses. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 12 (1/2), pp.121–143. D'Augelli, Anthony R., Grossman, A.H., Starks, M.T. & Sinclair, K.O. (2010). Factors associated with parents' knowledge of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths' sexual orientation. Journal of Family Studies, 6 (2), pp.1–21.
Related Research Articles
Sexual orientation is an enduring personal pattern of romantic attraction or sexual attraction to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender. Patterns are generally categorized under heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality, while asexuality is sometimes identified as the fourth category.
The field of psychology has extensively studied homosexuality as a human sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the DSM-I in 1952 as a "sociopathic personality disturbance," but that classification came under scrutiny in research funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. That research and subsequent studies consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as anything other than a natural and normal sexual orientation that is a healthy and positive expression of human sexuality. As a result of this scientific research, the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM-II in 1973. Upon a thorough review of the scientific data, the American Psychological Association followed in 1975 and also called on all mental health professionals to take the lead in "removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated" with homosexuality. In 1993, the National Association of Social Workers adopted the same position as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association, in recognition of scientific evidence. The World Health Organization, which listed homosexuality in the ICD-9 in 1977, removed homosexuality from the ICD-10 which was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.
Sexual identity refers to one's self-perception in terms of romantic or sexual attraction towards others, though not mutually exclusive, and can be different from romantic identity. Sexual identity may also refer to sexual orientation identity, which is when people identify or dis-identify with a sexual orientation or choose not to identify with a sexual orientation. Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and sexual orientation referring to romantic or sexual attractions toward persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, to both sexes or more than one gender, or to no one.
Obtaining precise numbers on the demographics of sexual orientation is difficult for a variety of reasons, including the nature of the research questions. Most of the studies on sexual orientation rely on self-reported data, which may pose challenges to researchers because of the subject matter's sensitivity. The studies tend to pose two sets of questions. One set examines self-report data of same-sex sexual experiences and attractions, while the other set examines self-report data of personal identification as homosexual or bisexual. Overall, fewer research subjects identify as homosexual or bisexual than report having had sexual experiences or attraction to a person of the same sex. Survey type, questions and survey setting may affect the respondents' answers.
The questioning of one's sexual orientation, sexual identity, gender, or all three is a process of exploration by people who may be unsure, still exploring, or concerned about applying a social label to themselves for various reasons. The letter "Q" is sometimes added to the end of the acronym LGBT ; the "Q" can refer to either queer or questioning.
Gay affirmative psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy for non-heterosexual people, specifically gay and lesbian clients, which focuses on client comfort in working towards authenticity and self-acceptance regarding sexual orientation, and does not attempt to "change" them to heterosexual, or to "eliminate or diminish" same-sex "desires and behaviors". The American Psychological Association (APA) offers guidelines and materials for gay affirmative psychotherapy. Affirmative psychotherapy affirms that homosexuality or bisexuality is not a mental disorder, in accordance with global scientific consensus. In fact, embracing and affirming gay identity can be a key component to recovery from other mental illnesses or substance abuse. Clients whose religious beliefs are interpreted as teaching against homosexual behavior may require some other method of integration of their possibly conflicting religious and sexual selves.
Various issues in medicine relate to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. According to the US Gay and Lesbian Medical Association (GLMA), besides HIV/AIDS, issues related to LGBT health include breast and cervical cancer, hepatitis, mental health, substance use disorders, alcohol use, tobacco use, depression, access to care for transgender persons, issues surrounding marriage and family recognition, conversion therapy, refusal clause legislation, and laws that are intended to "immunize health care professionals from liability for discriminating against persons of whom they disapprove."
Bisexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward both males and females, to more than one gender, or to both people of the same gender and different genders. It may also be defined to include romantic or sexual attraction to people regardless of their sex or gender identity, which is also known as pansexuality.
Sexual fluidity is one or more changes in sexuality or sexual identity. Sexual orientation is stable for the vast majority of people, but some research indicates that some people may experience change in their sexual orientation, and this is slightly more likely for women than for men. There is no scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed through psychotherapy. Sexual identity can change throughout an individual's life, and does not have to align with biological sex, sexual behavior, or actual sexual orientation.
Research has found that attempted suicide rates and suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) youth are significantly higher than among the general population.
Peer victimization is the experience among children of being a target of the aggressive behavior of other children, who are not siblings and not necessarily age-mates.
Minority stress describes high levels of stress faced by members of stigmatized minority groups. It may be caused by a number of factors, including poor social support and low socioeconomic status; well understood causes of minority stress are interpersonal prejudice and discrimination. Indeed, numerous scientific studies have shown that when minority individuals experience a high degree of prejudice, this can cause stress responses that accrue over time, eventually leading to poor mental and physical health. Minority stress theory summarizes these scientific studies to explain how difficult social situations lead to chronic stress and poor health among minority individuals.
Arlene Istar Lev is a North American clinical social worker, family therapist, and educator. She is an independent scholar, who has lectured internationally on topics related to sexual orientation and gender identity, sexuality, and LGBTQ families.
The following outline offers an overview and guide to LGBTQ topics:
Homophobia in ethnic minority communities is any negative prejudice or form of discrimination in ethnic minority communities worldwide towards people who identify as–or are perceived as being–lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT), known as homophobia. This may be expressed as antipathy, contempt, prejudice, aversion, hatred, irrational fear, and is sometimes related to religious beliefs. A 2006 study by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in the UK found that while religion can have a positive function in many LGB Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities, it can also play a role in supporting homophobia.
LGBT ageing addresses issues and concerns related to the ageing of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. Older LGBT people are marginalised by: a) younger LGBT people, because of ageism; and b) by older age social networks because of homophobia, biphobia, transphobia, heteronormativity, heterosexism, prejudice and discrimination towards LGBT people.
LGBTQ psychology is a field of psychology of surrounding the lives of LGBTQ+ individuals, in the particular the diverse range of psychological perspectives and experiences of these individuals. It covers different aspects such as identity development including the coming out process, parenting and family practices and support for LGBTQ+ individuals, as well as issues of prejudice and discrimination involving the LGBTQ community.
Due to the increased vulnerability that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth face compared to their non-LGBT peers, there are notable differences in the mental and physical health risks tied to the social interactions of LGBT youth compared to the social interactions of heterosexual youth. Youth of the LGBT community experience greater encounters with not only health risks, but also violence and bullying, due to their sexual orientation, self-identification, and lack of support from institutions in society.
Margaret Rosario is a health psychologist who studies the development of sexual identity and health disparities associated with sexual orientation. Rosario was President of the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 44, the Society for Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, from 2017-2018. Rosario received the APA Division 44 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Ethnic Minority Issues in 2008 and the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions in 2012, as well as the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award in 2021.
People who are LGBT are significantly more likely than those who are not to experience depression, PTSD, and generalized anxiety disorder.
D'Augelli, Anthony R. (1994). "Identity Development and Sexual Orientation: Toward a Model of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Development." In Edison J. Trickett, Roderick J. Watts, and Dina Birman (Eds.) Human Diversity: Perspectives on People in Context. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. pp.312–333.
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