Anthropos phonetic alphabet

Anthropos phonetic alphabet
Script type	Alphabet
Time period	1907 to 1940s
Languages	Reserved for phonetic transcription of any language
Related scripts
Parent systems	Latin alphabet Anthropos phonetic alphabet
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Anthropos phonetic alphabet is a phonetic transcription to be used in the journal Anthropos and published by Wilhelm Schmidt in 1907. ^[1] Transcription is italic, without other delimiters. It shares similarities with Karl Richard Lepsius' Standard Alphabet or some Americanist phonetic notations Edward Sapir and Franz Boas introduced to the United States.

Consonants

Anthropos alphabet (1907)

		Labial		Coronal ("Dental")			Palatal	Dorsal ("Guttural")			Pharyn- geal	Epi- glottal	Glottal
		Bilabial	Labio- dental	Inter- dental	Alveolar	Retroflex		Pre- velar	Velar	Uvular
Plosive	voiceless	p		t̯	t	ṭ	c	k̯	k	ḳ			ʼ
	voiced	b		d̯	d	ḍ	j	g̯	g	g̣		ꜣ
Affricate	voiceless	p̌ (pf)		t͏̯̌ (t̯s̯)	t͏̌ (ts)	ṭ̌ (ṭṣ)	č (tš)	ǩ̯ (k̯x̯)	ǩ (kx)	ḳ̌ (ḳx̣)
	voiced	b̌ (bv)		d͏̯̌ (d̯z̯)	d͏̌ (dz)	ḍ̌ (ḍẓ)	ǰ (dž)	ǧ̯ (g̯y)	ǧ (gÿ)	ǧ̣ (g̣ỵ̈)
Fricative	voiceless	ff (f̯)	f	s̯	s	ṣ	š	x̯	x	x̣	ḥ	h́	h
	voiced	w	v	z̯	z	ẓ	ž	y	ÿ	ỵ̈		ꜣ
Rhotic				r̯ ꭈ̯	r ꭈ	ṛ ꭈ̣		ꭉ̯ ꭊ̯	ꭉ ꭊ	ꭉ̣ ꭊ̣
Lateral flap					𝼑
Lateral liquid				l̯	l	ḷ	(ĺ)		ɫ
Lateral affricate	voiceless				t̪ (t̰) [2]				k̪ (k̰)
	voiced				d̪ (d̰)				g̪ (g̰)
Lateral fricative	voiceless				s̪ (s̰)				x̪ (x̰)
	voiced				z̪ (z̰)				y̪ (y̰)
Nasal		mꬺ (ṁ)		n̯	n	ṇ	(ń)	ꬻ̯	ꬻ (ṅ)	ꬻ̣
Prenasalized?	voiceless	p̰			t̰				k̰
	voiced	b̰			d̰				g̰
Ejective		p̓			t̕				k̓
Ingressive		p			ʇ	ʇ̣	ɔ		ʞ

Palatalized consonants are written with an acute – t́d́ćj́śźĺń etc. Semivowels are i̯u̯ü̯o̯e̯ etc.

Vowels

Vowels are inconsistent between languages. ïë etc. may be used for unrounded central vowels, ^[3] and the ⟨a⟩-based letters are poorly defined, with height and rounding confounded.

Anthropos (semi)vowels (1907)

		Front		Central		Back
		unround	round	unround	round	unround	round
Semivowel		i̯	ü̯	ī̯	ū̯	ï̯	u̯
High	higher	i	ü	ī (ï)	ū	ï	u
	lower	i̠	ü̠	ī̠	ū̠	ï̠	u̠
Mid	higher	ẹ	ọ̈	ẹ̄	ọ̄	ẹ̈	ọ
	mid	e	ö	ē (ë)	ō	ë	o
	lower	e̠	ö̠	ē̠	ō̠	ë̠	o̠
Low	higher	a̤̣					a̰̣
	mid	a̤ ạ		ä		a̰ a̠
	lower			a

There are actually three heights of low front and back vowels. ā is also seen for a low back vowel.

Reduced (obscure) vowels are i̥e̥ḁ etc. There are also extra-high vowels ịụ etc.

References

1. P. W. Schmidt, P. G. Schmidt and P. J. Hermes, "Die Sprachlaute und ihre Darstellung in einem allgemeinen linguistischen Alphabet (Schluß) / Les sons du langage et leur représentation dans un alphabet linguistique général (Conclusion)", Anthropos, Bd. 2, H. 5. (1907), insert at page 1098
2. Although Anthropos specifies a bridge for lateral obstruents, it was more common at the time to use a tilde.
3. The central vowels shown here do not appear in the main vowel charts, but occur in various illustrations.