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Gaius Plinius Secundus, called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic Naturalis Historia, which became an editorial model for encyclopedias. He spent most of his spare time studying, writing, and investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field.
The Natural History is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder. The largest single work to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day, the Natural History compiles information gleaned from other ancient authors. Despite the work's title, its subject area is not limited to what is today understood by natural history; Pliny himself defines his scope as "the natural world, or life". It is encyclopedic in scope, but its structure is not like that of a modern encyclopedia. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published. He published the first 10 books in AD 77, but had not made a final revision of the remainder at the time of his death during the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius. The rest was published posthumously by Pliny's nephew, Pliny the Younger.
Apelles of Kos was a renowned painter of ancient Greece. Pliny the Elder, to whom much of modern scholars' knowledge of this artist is owed, rated him superior to preceding and subsequent artists. He dated Apelles to the 112th Olympiad, possibly because he had produced a portrait of Alexander the Great.
Nicomachus of Thebes was an ancient Greek painter, a native of Thebes, and a contemporary of the great painters of the Classical period. He trained under his father Aristides, also a painter.
Parrhasius of Ephesus was one of the greatest painters of Ancient Greece.
Atarneus, also known as Atarna (Ἄταρνα) and Atarneites (Ἀταρνείτης), was an ancient Greek city in the region of Aeolis, Asia Minor. It lies on the mainland opposite the island of Lesbos. It was on the road from Adramyttium to the plain of the Caicus. Its territory was called the Atarneitis.
Famulus was a fresco painter famous for his work in the Domus Aurea, Rome, that was commissioned by Nero.
Pythagoras of Samos or Pythagoras of Rhegion was an Ancient Greek sculptor from Samos. Pliny the Elder describes two different sculptors who bore a remarkable personal likeness to each other. In the nineteenth century Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Philip Smith accepted the opinion of Karl Julius Sillig (1801–1855) that Pliny's date of Olympiad 87 ought to be referred to a Pythagoras of Samos but not a Pythagoras of Rhegium; other writers considered it possible Pythagoras of Samos lived closer to the beginning of the 5th century BC. Modern writers consider it certain these two were the same artist, and that this Pythagoras was one of the Samian exiles who moved to Zankle at the beginning of the 5th century BC and came under the power of the tyrant Anaxilas in Rhegium. While a Samian by birth, he was a pupil of Clearchus of Rhegium.
Robert Aggas, sometimes known as Robert Augus or Angus, was an English landscape and scene painter, who was employed by Charles II. A landscape by him is preserved in the Painter-Stainers' Hall. He died in 1679, aged about 60.
Ferdinand van Apshoven, "the elder", is recorded to have been baptized at Antwerp on 17 May 1576. In 1592–93, he entered the atelier of Adam van Noort and, in 1596–97, he was free of the Guild of Painters of that city. He was both an historical painter and a portraitist, but no work by him exists. That he was successful as a teacher in art is evident, for the records of the Guild mention seven pupils of his. He died in 1654 or 1655.
Arellius was a Roman painter active in the 1st century BC, mentioned by Pliny.
Aristophon was a Greek painter, mentioned by Pliny the Elder.
Artemon, a Greek painter, who is recorded by Pliny to have painted a picture of Queen Stratonice, from which it is presumed that he lived about B.C. 300. He also painted 'Hercules and Deianira;' but his most celebrated works were the pictures which were carried to Rome, and placed in the Octavian Portico, representing 'Hercules received amongst the Gods;' and the 'History of Laomedon with Apollo and Neptune.'
Francis Arundale was an English architectural draughtsman.
William Bradley (1801–1857) was an English portrait artist.
Bularchus was an Ancient Greek painter; Pliny indicates that he was working in the 8th century BC, during the reign of Candaules, King of Lydia.
Hans Cranach, also known as Johann Lucas Cranach, was a German painter, the oldest son of Lucas Cranach the Elder. German art historian Johann Christian Schuchardt, who discovered his existence, credits him with an altar-piece at Weimar, signed with the monogram "H. C.", and dated 1537. He died at Bologna in 1537. Luther mentions his death in his Table Talk, and Johann Stigel, a contemporary poet, celebrates him as a painter.
George Cuitt the Elder (1743–1818) was a British painter.
Cydias, a native of Cythnus, who was living in 364 BC, may be presumed to have been a painter of considerable ability, as one of his pictures, representing Jason and his followers embarking for Colchis, in search of the Golden Fleece, was purchased at Rome by the orator Hortensius for 144,000 sesterces. Afterwards the work was bought by Marcus Agrippa and placed in the Porticus of Neptune to commemorate his naval victories.
Peiraikos, or Piraeicus or Peiraeicus, was an Ancient Greek painter of uncertain date and location. He was the chief representative of what is called rhopography (ῥοπογραφία), or the painting of petty subjects, such as still-life. None of his work is known to have survived and he is known only from a brief discussion by the Latin author Pliny the Elder. Pliny's passage comes in the middle of his discussion of painting in Book XXXV of his Natural History, completed about 78 AD:
It is well to add an account of the artists who won fame with the brush in painting smaller pictures. Amongst them was Peiraikos. In mastery of his art but few take rank above him, yet by his choice of a path he has perhaps marred his own success, for he followed a humble line, winning however the highest glory that it had to bring. He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures.
References
- 1 2 Bryan 1886.
- 1 2 Pliny the Elder 1857, p. 275.
