Antonio "El Gaucho" Rivero was a gaucho known for his leading role in the Port Louis Murders of 26 August 1833, in which five prominent members of the settlement of Port Louis on the Falkland Islands were murdered. [1] In Argentine revisionist historiography and public consciousness, Rivero is viewed as a patriotic hero who rebelled against British authority. [2] However, academic historians both in Argentina and abroad agree that Rivero's actions were not motivated by patriotism, but by disputes over pay and working conditions with the representatives of Louis Vernet, the former Argentine Political and Military Commander of the islands. [3]
Rivero's place of birth, like almost all other details of his life outside the events of 1833–1834, is unknown. Argentine historians generally state he was born in today's Entre Ríos Province, then part of Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, now in Argentina. However, no documentation exists to support this assertion. [4]
Rivero's presence on the islands is first recorded in Emilio Vernet's diary on 18 May 1829. [5] He was taken to the Falkland Islands by Luis Vernet, to work as a gaucho. Conditions of employment caused discontent among Vernet's workers. They were paid with promissory notes which Matthew Brisbane, Vernet's deputy, devalued by 60% following the reduction in Vernet's fortunes. [6] On 26 August 1833, five Indian convicts and three gauchos led by Rivero embarked on a killing spree which resulted in the deaths of Brisbane and the senior leaders of the settlement. [7] Thomas Helsby, a clerk in the employ of Vernet, wrote an account of the murders. [8]
At around ten in the morning, Helsby departed Brisbane's house to buy some oil from William Dickson, whom he found at the house of Antonio Wagner. Other people there included Daniel McKay and Joseph Douglas. On leaving, as he passed the house of Santiago Lopez, Helsby encountered the murderers. The gang was led by Rivero and comprised the gauchos José María Luna, Juan Brasido and the five Charrúa Indians Manuel Gonzales, Luciano Flores, Manuel Godoy, Felipe Salagar and Lattorre. They were armed with "muskets, pistols, swords, dirks and knives". [8]
Alarmed, Helsby ran to Brisbane's house for aid, but he found it locked and could raise no response. He was informed by other residents that Brisbane had been killed, along with Juan Simon (the Capatáz or foreman of the Gauchos). A third man, Don Ventura, had been left for dead, wounded in the throat by a musket, his head split and his hand almost severed by a sword, but he had since escaped by a back window and headed toward the house of Antonina Roxa. Helsby then heard two musket shots from the house of Antonio Wagner: Wagner and Dickson had been killed, witnessed by Joseph Douglas and Daniel McKay. [8]
The gang then returned to Brisbane's house to find Ventura missing. After a brief search they found him. Ventura tried to flee, but was shot down. Helsby witnessed the murder and attempted his own escape, but was soon caught by Felipe Salagar, who was on horseback. Convinced he was about to be killed, he complied with their instructions, and was allowed to live. [8]
I was ordered by them into Captain Brisbane's house, and there first saw his body lying dead upon the floor, he appeared to have been making towards his pistols before he fell, and there was smile of contempt or disdain very strongly marked in his countenance. They dragged his body with a horse to a considerable distance, and plundered the house. [8]
The population of that time, mainly women and children, fled to the nearby Peat island (today Hog Island), until rescued by the sealer Hopeful in October 1833, which then passed information about the murders to the British squadron at Rio de Janeiro.
In January 1834, the British ship HMS Challenger arrived in the islands, bringing Lt. Henry Smith, who set out to capture the murderers, who fled into the interior. The gang was sent for trial in London, but under the British Legal system could not be tried because the Crown Court did not have jurisdiction over the Falkland Islands at the time of the alleged offences. In the British colonial system, colonies had their own, distinct governments, finances, and judicial systems. [9] [10] Rivero was not tried and sentenced because the British local government and local judiciary had not yet been installed in 1834; these were created later, by the 1841 British Letters Patent. [11] Subsequently, Rivero has acquired the status of a folk hero in Argentina, where he is portrayed as leading a rebellion against British rule. [11] However, all five of the victims of the massacre were employees of Vernet, even though some of them British nationals. [12] They were deported to Rio de Janeiro, and returned later to the zone of the Río de la Plata.
The circumstances of Rivero's death are unknown.
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Rivero and his associates were responsible for the deaths of five individuals of various nationalities, all employees of Louis Vernet with close links to the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. [13]
Matthew Brisbane (born in Perth, Scotland in 1787) was a Scottish merchant Captain, sealer and Antarctic explorer who made several voyages to the South Atlantic in the 1820s. He met Louis Vernet in 1827 when chartering a ship to rescue the survivors of the wreck of the Hope, which had run aground off South Georgia under Brisbane's command. [14] [15]
Following another shipwreck in Patagonia in 1830, Brisbane escaped on a makeshift boat to Port Louis in West Falkland, where he became Vernet's director of fisheries and his chief representative in the islands when Vernet was in Buenos Aires. He attempted to enforce Vernet's exclusion of American sealers from Falklands waters, leading to the seizure of two American ships. This action resulted in the 1831 attack on Port Louis by the American naval sloop the USS Lexington, after which Brisbane and six others were arrested on charges of piracy and taken to Montevideo, where they were released. Brisbane returned to the Falklands in 1832 as a pilot for the Argentine naval vessel, the Sarandí, where he was present at the Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. [16]
He travelled to Buenos Aires in the Sarandí in January 1833, before returning to the Falklands in March to resume his position as Vernet's agent in Port Louis. Upon his return he met Robert Fitzroy and Charles Darwin and is mentioned in the diaries of both men. [17]
Juan (or Jean) Simon was a French or South American [18] gaucho, who became foreman of the gauchos employed by Louis Vernet. He was prominent in the suppression of a mutiny by members of the Argentine garrison of the islands in 1832. Upon the expulsion of the Argentine garrison in 1833, Jose Maria Pinedo appointed Simon as the Argentine Political and Military Commander of the islands, but Simon appears not to have attempted to act in any such capacity. [19] He played a role in persuading the gauchos to remain on the islands, and his conflict with Rivero may be linked to the British commander Captain Onslow's broken promise that the gauchos would be paid in silver rather than promissory notes. [20] He left a son, conceived with Carmelita Penny, one of the Afro-Argentine slaves brought to the islands by Vernet. [21]
William Dickson (born Dublin, 1805) was an Irish shopkeeper who was a leading member of Vernet's colony at Port Louis. He had been living in Buenos Aires prior to his voyage to the islands. When the British expelled the Argentine garrison in 1833, he was entrusted with a Union Jack and instructed to raise it every Sunday and whenever a ship entered the bay. [22] Vernet wrote personally to his family in Dublin to advise them of his murder. [23]
Ventura Pasos, or possibly Luciano Ventura Pasos, [3] was an Argentine, sent to the islands by Vernet in March 1833. [3] He was related to Vernet by marriage, Pasos' sister being married to the elder brother of Vernet's wife, María Sáez de Vernet. He was also the nephew of Juan José Paso, an Argentine politician who formed part of the first and second triumvirates that governed the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata during their war of independence. [3]
Antonio Wagner (or Vehingar) was a trader of German extraction [24] and had spent some time in Buenos Aires. [1]
The initial British plans for the Falklands were based on the perpetuation of Vernet's settlement, backed by an annual visit by a warship. This was the standard practice of maintaining a settlement with the minimum of expense. Thus, there was no British presence in the islands at the time of the Port Louis murders. A direct result of the murders was the installation of a permanent British Government presence – Lt Henry Smith became the first British resident in January 1834. Subsequently, the permanent presence led to the decision in 1841 to form a permanent colony rather than a minor naval outpost. [25] [26]
Armando S. Fernández wrote in 2008 a historical novel about Rivero, called "El Gaucho Rivero y la conspiración para apoderarse de Malvinas". [27]
In 2011 and 2012, starting at Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentine provinces with shores to the Atlantic Ocean passed a bill that banned ships sailing under the British flag from docking in their ports. These laws were collectively known as Ley Gaucho Rivero, as originally named in Tierra del Fuego, after Antonio Rivero. [28]
In 2015, a new banknote was issued by the Argentine government themed on the Falkland Islands. In the reverse, Antonio Rivero is depicted on a horse flying the flag of Argentina. [29]
The history of the Falkland Islands goes back at least five hundred years, with active exploration and colonisation only taking place in the 18th century. Nonetheless, the Falkland Islands have been a matter of controversy, as they have been claimed by the French, British, Spaniards and Argentines at various points.
East Falkland is the largest island of the Falklands in the South Atlantic, having an area of 6,605 km2 or 54% of the total area of the Falklands. The island consists of two main land masses, of which the more southerly is known as Lafonia; it is joined by a narrow isthmus where the settlement of Goose Green is located, and it was the scene of the Battle of Goose Green during the Falklands War.
Port Louis is a settlement on northeastern East Falkland. It was established by Louis de Bougainville on 5 April 1764 as the first French settlement on the islands, but was then transferred to Spain in 1767 and renamed Puerto Soledad.
Silas M. Duncan was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.
In December 1832, two naval vessels were sent by the United Kingdom to re-assert British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, after the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata ignored British diplomatic protests over the appointment of Luis Vernet as governor of the Falkland Islands and a dispute over fishing rights.
Sovereignty over the Falkland Islands is disputed by Argentina and the United Kingdom. Argentina disputes the 1833 British claim to sovereignty, when they re-made landing on the islands. and the United Kingdom has exercised de facto sovereignty over the archipelago almost continuously since 1833. Argentina has long disputed this claim, having been in control of the islands for a few years prior to 1833. The dispute escalated in 1982, when Argentina invaded the islands, precipitating the Falklands War.
Luis Vernet was a merchant from Hamburg of Huguenot descent. Vernet established a settlement on East Falkland in 1828, after first seeking approval from both the British and Argentine authorities. As such, Vernet is a controversial figure in the history of the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute.
Puerto Soledad was a Spanish military outpost and penal colony on the Falkland Islands, situated at an inner cove of Berkeley Sound.
The Falkland Islands is an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean on the Patagonian Shelf. The principal islands are about 300 mi (480 km) east of South America's southern Patagonian coast and about 752 mi (1,210 km) from Cape Dubouzet at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at a latitude of about 52°S. The archipelago, with an area of 4,700 sq mi (12,000 km2), comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. As a British overseas territory, the Falklands have internal self-governance, but the United Kingdom takes responsibility for their defence and foreign affairs. The capital and largest settlement is Stanley on East Falkland.
David Jewett was an American-born Brazilian naval officer known for his role in the sovereignty dispute between the United Kingdom and the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata over the Falkland Islands. He was a naval commander in the Quasi-War with France and following the end of that conflict he offered his services as a mercenary in both the United Provinces and the Empire of Brazil. Licensed as a privateer by the United Provinces to seize Spanish ships, he was later accused of piracy following the seizure of American and Portuguese flagged vessels. Jewett finished his career in the Imperial Brazilian Navy, serving under Lord Cochrane and died in Rio de Janeiro in 1842.
The peso was a promissory note which was issued on the Falklands Islands by Luis Vernet from around 1828 until the islands were invaded by the British in August 1833. Vernet, who was appointed Governor by the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata in 1829, paid workers on the islands in these promissory notes.
Falkland Islanders derive from various origins. Earliest among these are the numerically small but internationally diverse early 19th century inhabitants of the Falkland Islands, comprising and descended in part from settlers brought by Luis Vernet, and English and American sealers; South American gauchos who settled in the 1840s and 1850s; and since the late 1830s, settlers largely from Britain with a minority from other European countries. There has also been significant recent contributions from Saint Helena and Chile.
The Falkland Islands have a complex history stretching over five hundred years. Active exploration and colonisation began in the 18th century but a self-supporting colony was not established till the latter part of the 19th century. Nonetheless, the islands have been a matter of controversy, as due to their strategic position in the 18th century their sovereignty was claimed by the French, Spaniards, British and Argentines at various points.
William Dickson, born Dublin, Ireland was an Irish-born settler in Port Louis in the Falkland Islands during a pivotal time in its history. He was hired by Luis Vernet as Port Louis storekeeper. Following the removal of the Argentine administration, Dickson was given into custody the British flag. Dickson wrote a diary where he documented the life in Port Louis shortly after the British landing. He became one of the victims of the Gaucho Murders, on 26 August 1833.
Matthew Brisbane was a Scottish mariner, sealer and notable figure in the early history of the Falkland Islands.
Esteban Mestivier served as the Argentine Military and Civil commander in the Falkland Islands for a brief period in 1832. His appointment to the role was gazetted in the British and Argentine Packet News in September 1832. The announcement led to the British consul issuing a note of protest, which other than a brief acknowledgement from Argentina went unanswered. This combined with the USS Lexington raid of 1831, is considered to have prompted the British to send a small naval patrol to re-assert British sovereignty in the Falkland Islands.
Antonina Roxa was one of the first Falkland Islanders whose residence in the islands predated the British return in 1833. Roxa first travelled to the islands in 1830 and was part of Luis Vernet's original colony. After the British return she became a landowner and businesswoman. She died of cancer in 1869.
José María Pinedo was a commander in the navy of the United Provinces of the River Plate, one of the precursor states of what is now known as Argentina. He took part in the Argentine War of Independence, the Argentine Civil Wars and the Cisplatine War. He is also known for failing to resist the British return to the Falkland Islands in 1833.
The hijacking of Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 648 occurred on 28 and 29 September 1966 when a group of Argentine nationalists hijacked a civilian Aerolíneas Argentinas aircraft en route from Buenos Aires to Río Gallegos and forced the captain at gunpoint to land in the Falkland Islands in protest to the UK's presence on the islands. After landing, the hijackers raised the Argentine flag, took several islanders hostage and demanded the Governor of the Falkland Islands recognise Argentine sovereignty over the islands. On 29 September 1966, after negotiating through a Catholic priest, the hijackers surrendered and were returned to Argentina for trial.
María Sáez Pérez de Vernet was the wife of Luis Vernet. She wrote a personal diary during her residence in Port Louis, Falkland Islands, which was preserved together with other documents and letters in the Argentine National Archive when her husband's papers were donated to the Argentine National Archive.
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