Apple II sound cards

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Throughout its lengthy, multi-model lifespan, the Apple II series computers lacked any serious built-in sound capabilities. At the time of its release in 1977, this did not distinguish it from its contemporaries (ex. the TRS-80 and Commodore PET), but by 1982, it shared the market with several sound-equipped competitors such as the Commodore 64, whose SID chip could produce sophisticated multi-timbral music and sound effects. [1]

Contents

All Apple II models (except the Apple IIGS, a significantly different, albeit backwards-compatible machine) possess a speaker, but it was limited to 1-bit output in the form of a simple voltage the user could switch on and off with software, creating clicks from the speaker each time the state was toggled. By turning the signal on and off rapidly, sounds with pitches could be produced. [2]

This approach places extreme constraints on software design, since it requires the CPU to be available to toggle the output at specific frequencies, and all other code must be structured around that requirement. If sound generation code didn't execute at precisely the right intervals, generating specific output frequencies would be impossible.

Sound hardware in competing computers consisted of extra chips that generated sounds [3] without continuous CPU involvement, freeing up the CPU for normal code execution. The various third-party add-on devices listed here provide this same capability to the Apple II.

Music

Music Cards

Music cards consist primarily of circuit boards plugged into the expansion slots of the Apple computer. There is generally no method to directly play the cards as a musical instrument. Instead, music is programmed into the computer, typically using the computer's keyboard and pointing devices (such as the Apple's game controls or using an add-on light pen). The computer then plays the music back using the music cards to produce the sound, generally through a standard audio system.

ALF Music Card MC16

The first hardware music accessory for the Apple II [4] was ALF's "Apple Music Synthesizer", later renamed "Music Card MC16". It was demonstrated late in 1978 and began shipping in volume June 1979. It featured graphical music entry, a first for any personal computer. [5] Each card produced three voices, and two or three cards could be used for six or nine voices.

ALF Music Card MC1

Using much the same software as the ALF Music Card MC16, ALF introduced a new hardware design as the "Apple Music II", later renamed "Music Card MC1". It had nine voices on a single card, although the range, tuning accuracy, and envelope/volume control was reduced compared to the Music Card MC16. The card used three TI SN76489N chips.

American Micro Products Juke Box Synthesizer

Advertised for sale in June 1980, this card featured three simultaneous voices with a five octave range and one white noise generator. [6]

Applied Engineering Super Music Synthesizer

Super Music Synthesizer is a 16 voice music synthesizer created by Applied Engineering which can play songs written for the ALF Music Card. [7]

Applied Engineering Phasor

Phasor is a stereo music, sound and speech synthesizer created by Applied Engineering that can play songs written for the ALF, Mockingboard and Super Music Synthesizer and the 1986 Applied Engineering Catalog claims that they actually sound better on Phasor. [8]

Sweet Micro Systems Mockingboard

The Mockingboard provided multiple voices of sound output, and was the closest thing to a standard sound card available for the Apple series. It utilized the AY-3-8910 sound generator chip.

Mountain Computer Music System

The Mountain Computer Music System was a two-board set that provided audio output with 8-bit resolution. A light pen was also available with the system.

Music Systems

Music systems generally include all the features of music cards, but add a method of playing the instrument directly (usually a piano-style keyboard). This allows music to be played "live", and the notes can also be captured by the computer for subsequent playback or editing and playback.

Alpha Syntauri

The Alpha Syntauri was a music system designed around the expansion capabilities of the Apple II. The hardware consisted of an external piano-style keyboard and cards that plugged into the Apple II (a keyboard interface card and music synthesizer cards). Originally the music synthesizer was ALF's Apple Music Synthesizer, and later the two-board Mountain Computer Music System was used. [9] Software was designed to support music composition and performance. Herbie Hancock and Keith Emerson were notable early adopters of the Syntauri system. [10] [11] Frank Serafine used a Mountain and Syntauri system to create sound effects for the 1982 film Tron . [12]

Passport Designs Soundchaser

The Passport Designs Soundchaser Computer Music System provided similar capabilities, but the software emphasized composition over real-time performance. The Soundchaser included a 49-key keyboard, keyboard interface card, and a choice of sound cards depending on whether the digital or analog option was chosen. The digital option included the Mountain Computer Music System cards. [13]

Speech cards

Echo

The Echo II card is a speech synthesis card utilizing linear predictive coding technology, as embodied by the TMS 5220 speech chip.

The Echo Plus card utilizes the same speech chip as the Echo II, and also adds a pair of AY-3-8910 sound generator chips, and stereo output.

The Echo Cricket is an externalized version of the Echo II card, which interfaces through the Apple IIc serial port.

Sampler cards

The Sonic Blaster by Applied Engineering were introduced at least by 1988 using an Apple IIGS bus slot. It's capable of 8-bit at a sample rate of 15,184 Hz in stereo and 30,368 Hz for mono. [14]

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple II</span> First computer model in the Apple II series

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commodore 64</span> 8-bit home computer introduced in 1982

The Commodore 64, also known as the C64, is an 8-bit home computer introduced in January 1982 by Commodore International. It has been listed in the Guinness World Records as the highest-selling single computer model of all time, with independent estimates placing the number sold between 12.5 and 17 million units. Volume production started in early 1982, marketing in August for US$595. Preceded by the VIC-20 and Commodore PET, the C64 took its name from its 64 kilobytes(65,536 bytes) of RAM. With support for multicolor sprites and a custom chip for waveform generation, the C64 could create superior visuals and audio compared to systems without such custom hardware.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Motherboard</span> Main printed circuit board (PCB) for a computing device

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sound card</span> Expansion card that provides input and output of audio signals

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Music tracker</span> Type of software for creating music

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">MOS Technology 6581</span> MOS Technology sound chip

The MOS Technology 6581/8580 SID is the built-in programmable sound generator chip of Commodore's CBM-II, Commodore 64, Commodore 128 and Commodore MAX Machine home computers. It was one of the first sound chips of its kind to be included in a home computer prior to the digital sound revolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple IIGS</span> Apple II series 16-bit computer

The Apple IIGS, the fifth and most powerful of the Apple II family, is a 16-bit personal computer produced by Apple Computer. While featuring the Macintosh look and feel, and resolution and color similar to the Amiga and Atari ST, it remains compatible with earlier Apple II models. The "GS" in the name stands for "Graphics and Sound," referring to its enhanced multimedia hardware, especially its state-of-the-art audio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TI-99/4A</span> Home computer by Texas Instruments

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mockingboard</span> Computer sound card

The Mockingboard is a sound card built by Sweet Micro Systems for the Apple II series of microcomputers. It improves on the Apple II's limited sound capabilities, as did other Apple II sound cards.

Ensoniq Corp. was an American electronics manufacturer, best known throughout the mid-1980s and 1990s for its musical instruments, principally samplers and synthesizers.

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Will Harvey's Music Construction Set (MCS) is a music composition notation program designed by Will Harvey for the Apple II and published by Electronic Arts in 1983. Harvey wrote the original Apple II version in assembly language when he was 15 and in high school. MCS was conceived as a tool to add music to his previously published game, an abstract shooter called Lancaster for the Apple II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Applied Engineering</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">General Instrument AY-3-8910</span>

The AY-3-8910 is a 3-voice programmable sound generator (PSG) designed by General Instrument in 1978, initially for use with their 16-bit CP1610 or one of the PIC1650 series of 8-bit microcomputers. The AY-3-8910 and its variants were used in many arcade games—Konami's Gyruss contains five—and pinball machines as well as being the sound chip in the Intellivision and Vectrex video game consoles, and the Amstrad CPC, Oric-1, Colour Genie, Elektor TV Games Computer, MSX, and later ZX Spectrum home computers. It was also used in the Mockingboard and Cricket sound cards for the Apple II and the Speech/Sound Cartridge for the TRS-80 Color Computer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Passport Designs</span> American music software company

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Bank Street Music Writer is an application for composing and playing music for the Atari 8-bit family, Apple II, Commodore 64 and IBM PC. It was written by Glen Clancy and published by Mindscape. The original Atari version, developed under the name "Note Processor," was released in 1985 and uses the computer's on-board sound chip to produce four-voice music recordings. The Commodore 64 version also uses that system's sound hardware, while the Apple and IBM PC versions require a sound card which was included in the retail box, or alternately use the three-voice sound chip standard with all Tandy and IBM PCjr computers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">E-mu Systems</span> American music technology company

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The Amiga 1200, or A1200, is a personal computer in the Amiga computer family released by Commodore International, aimed at the home computer market. It was launched on October 21, 1992, at a base price of £399 in the United Kingdom and $599 in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phasor (sound synthesizer)</span>

Phasor is a stereo music, sound and speech synthesizer created by Applied Engineering for the Apple II family of computers. Consisting of a sound card and a set of related software, the Phasor system was designed to be compatible with most software written for other contemporary Apple II cards, including the Sweet Micro Systems Mockingboard, ALF's Apple Music Synthesizer, Echo+ and Applied Engineering's earlier card Super Music Synthesizer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ALF Products</span>

ALF Products Inc., or ALF, was a Colorado company primarily known for its computer-controlled music synthesizers and floppy disk supplies and duplicators.

References

  1. ↑ M. M. Novak (11 November 1984). The Commodore 64 in Action: Sound, Graphics & Filing. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN   978-1-349-07506-5.
  2. ↑ Raskin, Jef (1978). Apple II Basic Programming Manual (PDF). Apple Computer. p. 123.
  3. ↑ N.B. Scrimshaw (11 November 2013). An Introduction to the Commodore 64: Adventures in Programming. Birkhäuser. pp. 52–. ISBN   978-1-4899-6787-9.
  4. ↑ ALF Products advertisement, "Apple Music", Creative Computing, Vol. 6 No. 2, Feb. 1980 pg. 103. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
  5. ↑ North, Steve, "ALF/Apple Music Synthesizer", Creative Computing, Vol. 5 No. 6, June 1979 pg. 102. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
  6. ↑ American Micro Products advertisement, "Juke Box Synthesizer", Byte, Vol. 5 No. 6, Jun. 1980 pg. 177. Retrieved 2020-02-24.
  7. ↑ Applied Engineering 1985 Catalog pg 11. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
  8. ↑ Applied Engineering 1986 Summer/Fall Catalog pg 12. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
  9. ↑ "AlphaSyntauri". Audioimprov.com. 2012-04-28. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
  10. ↑ Jigour, Robin; Kellner, Charlie; Lapham, Ellen. "The alphaSyntauri Instrument: A Modular and Software Programmable Digital Synthesizer System". Philadelphia: IEEE Computer Society, 1981.
  11. ↑ Vail, Mark. Vintage Synthesizers, p. 91-92. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books, 2000
  12. ↑ "TRON's Apple Sound". inCider. No. 1. January 1983. p. 24.
  13. ↑ Hogan, Thom (1981-07-27). "Two keyboard synthesizers for Apple". InfoWorld.
  14. ↑ "Sonic Blaster Manual 1.2" (PDF). Retrieved December 12, 2017.[ permanent dead link ]
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