Cuxhaven is an independent town and seat of the Cuxhaven district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town includes the northernmost point of Lower Saxony. It is situated on the shore of the North Sea at the mouth of the Elbe River. Cuxhaven has a footprint of 14 kilometres (east–west) by 7 km (4 mi) (north–south). Its town quarters Duhnen, Döse and Sahlenburg are especially popular vacation spots on the North Sea and home to about 52,000 residents.
Lower Saxony is a German state (Land) situated in northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with 47,624 km2 (18,388 sq mi), and fourth-largest in population among the 16 Länder federated as the Federal Republic of Germany. In rural areas, Northern Low Saxon and Saterland Frisian are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining.
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central and Western Europe, lying between the Baltic and North Seas to the north, and the Alps, Lake Constance and the High Rhine to the south. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, France to the southwest, and Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands to the west.
Sahlenburg is a borough of the city Cuxhaven near the mouth of the river Elbe in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Sahlenburg beach is popular with tourists. In addition to swimming in the sea when the tide permits, there are also walks into the Duhner and the Werner forests.
The Neuenwalde Convent is a Lutheran damsels' convent in Neuenwalde, a locality of Geestland, Lower Saxony, Germany.
In 1372 the Lappes pawned it to Hamburg which made the heath villages part of its territorial exclave, the Bailiwick of Ritzebüttel[nds], in 1394 definitely superseding the Lappes.[2] After 1571 Hamburg technically and de facto seized Neuenwalde's feudal privileges in Arensch and the other heath villages.[3] Hamburg's bailiff of Ritzebüttel made the tenant farmers in the heath villages swear allegiance to the Senate of Hamburg.[4]
Hamburg is the second-largest city in Germany with a population of over 1.8 million.
After an occupation by France and an annexation by its ephemeric client state Kingdom of Westphalia in 1810, Arensch itself was annexed to France in 1811. In 1813 the Ritzebüttel Bailiwick was restored to Hamburg, whose sovereignty was restituted too. In 1937 Hamburg ceded the Ritzebüttel Bailiwick to the Stade Region within the Prussian Province of Hanover.
The Kingdom of Westphalia was a kingdom in Germany, with a population of 2.6 million, that existed from 1807 to 1813. It included territory in Hesse and other parts of present-day Germany. While formally independent, it was a vassal state of the First French Empire and was ruled by Napoleon's brother Jérôme Bonaparte. It was named after Westphalia, but this was a misnomer since the kingdom had little territory in common with that area; rather the kingdom mostly covered territory formerly known as Eastphalia.
The Stade Region emerged in 1823 by an administrative reorganisation of the dominions of the Kingdom of Hanover, a sovereign state, whose then territory is almost completely part of today's German federal state of Lower Saxony. Until 1837 the Kingdom of Hanover was ruled in personal union by the Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
The Province of Hanover was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1868 to 1946.
Between 1945 and 1964 various rocket attempts were accomplished in the proximity of Arensch. Thus the A4-Raketen of the Operation Backfire started in October 1945 of one in the Werner forest between Arensch and Sahlenburg established starting place, from which still some shelter remainders and a soil hollow were remaining. From 1957 to 1964 the Hermann-Oberth-Gesellschaft started; and some other experimenters in the proximity from Arensch of the building yard lain northwest and in the cotton wool before country numerous rockets with ceilings from up to 50 kilometers. The Seliger Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH accomplished further rocket attempts, with which ceilings were reached by up to over 100 kilometers, in the proximity of Berensch. In 1971 Arensch was incorporated into the city of Cuxhaven.
The Hermann Oberth society is an association named after Hermann Oberth, the German astronautics pioneer, which develops and builds rockets and trains engineers in space technology.
The Berthold Seliger Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH (BSFEGmbH) was a company founded by German rocket technical designer Berthold Seliger in 1961. Seliger was a former assistant theoretician professor Dr. Eugen Sänger. The company developed and built prototypes of sounding rockets and launched them near Cuxhaven. The BSFEGmbH cooperated strongly with the Hermann-Oberth-Gesellschaft, of which Berthold Seliger was a member. The first rocket developed by the BSFEGmbH was an improved version of the Kumulus, which was first launched on 19 November 1962 and reached a height of 50 kilometres. On 7 February 1963 the BSFEGmbH launched a two-stage rocket with a maximum height of 80 kilometres and, on 2 May 1963, they launched a three-stage rocket with a maximum flight height of more than 100 kilometres. The latter rocket may have attained the highest flight altitude of all rockets built in post-war Germany. The signals from all these rockets were also received at the observatory in Bochum. After May 1963 the BSFEGmbH worked on the improvement of the steering system of their rockets and thought also on military usable rockets.
Notes
↑ Dirk Hempel, „Exkurs: Das hamburgische Amt Ritzebüttel im 18.Jahrhundert“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg and Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.) on behalf of the Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol.I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995; ISBN978-3-9801919-7-5), vol.II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995; ISBN978-3-9801919-8-2), vol.III 'Neuzeit' (2008; ISBN978-3-9801919-9-9), (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), vol.III: pp. 1–158, here p.364.
↑ Peter Niemeyer, „Eine unbekannte Landesherrschaft? Das ehemalige Amt Ritzebüttel – Gedanken über eine landesherrschaftliche Besonderheit Hamburgs“, in: Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hamburgische Geschichte, vol.83, No. 1 (1997), pp. 151–165, here p.152.
↑ E.R., „Review of 'Heinrich Rüther, «Das Kloster Neuenwalde als Grundherrschaft», in: Jahrbuch der Männer vom Morgenstern, vol.11 (1908/1909), pp. 85–109“, in: Zeitschrift des Vereins für Hamburgische Geschichte, vol.XV (1910), pp. 291seq., here p.292.
↑ Elke Freifrau von Boeselager, „Das Land Hadeln bis zum Beginn der frühen Neuzeit“, in: Geschichte des Landes zwischen Elbe und Weser: 3 vols., Hans-Eckhard Dannenberg und Heinz-Joachim Schulze (eds.), Stade: Landschaftsverband der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, vol.I 'Vor- und Frühgeschichte' (1995), vol.II 'Mittelalter (einschl. Kunstgeschichte)' (1995), vol.III 'Neuzeit (2008)', (=Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; vols. 7–9), ISBN (vol.I) ISBN978-3-9801919-7-5, (vol.II) ISBN978-3-9801919-8-2, (vol.III) ISBN978-3-9801919-9-9, vol.II: pp. 321–388, here p.375.
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are often chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position and two or three of the numbers represent a horizontal position; alternatively, a geographic position may be expressed in a combined three-dimensional Cartesian vector. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation. To specify a location on a plane requires a map projection.
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