Arica Province (Peru)

Last updated
Arica
1823–1929
Flag of Peru (1825-1884).svg
Departamento moquegua 1865.JPG
Arica Province (pink) within Moquegua in 1865
Capital Arica
Demonym Ariqueño, a
Historical era War of the Pacific aftermath
 Established
1823
20 October 1883
31 October 1883
3 June 1929
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Flag of Peru (1825-1884).svg Tacna Department
Arica Province Flag of Chile.svg
Today part of Chile

Arica was a historical province of Peru, which existed between 1823 and 1883. It was populated by pre-Hispanic peoples for a long period of time before Spanish colonization in the early 16th century saw the transformation of a small town into a thriving port. [1] Trade in both gold and silver was facilitated through Arica after the precious metals were first extracted from the Potosí silver mines of Bolivia. Following the War of the Pacific, the province was transferred to Chile and became an official Chilean territory in 1929. [2]

Contents

History

The department was located in southern Peru, near the Pacific Ocean. It was limited to the north by the Tacna Province, in the south by the Tarapacá Department, on the east by Bolivia, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Arica was established in 1823, as part of the Department of Arequipa. [3] In 1828, the capital city of the province was changed from Arica to Tacna. In 1837, the province joined the established Department Litoral with its capital at Tacna. In 1853, the province was moved to the newly established Department of Moquegua, along with the provinces of Moquegua, Tacna and Tarapacá. In 1855, the province was divided into two, forming the provinces of Tacna and Arica.

In 1868, the city of Arica was almost completely destroyed during an earthquake that also affected the areas north of the city, as well as neighboring Bolivia and Chile.

In 1875, Arica was transferred to the newly established Department of Tacna, along with the provinces of Tacna and Tarata. In 1875, the province itself was divided into six districts: Arica, Belén, Codpa, Livilcar, Lluta, and Socoroma. In the 1883 Treaty of Ancón Arica and Tacna provinces were transferred to Chilean control for ten years, and they were to have been subject to a plebiscite, one that was never held. [4] [5] De facto, that was the end of the Peruvian province of Arica, although the dispute was not settled until the 1929 Treaty of Lima. [6]

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. De facto.
  2. De jure.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War of the Pacific</span> Territorial conflict between Chile and allied Peru and Bolivia (1879–83)

The War of the Pacific, also known as the Nitrate War and by multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884. Fought over Chilean claims on coastal Bolivian territory in the Atacama Desert, the war ended with victory for Chile, which gained a significant amount of resource-rich territory from Peru and Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tacna</span> Place in Peru

Tacna, officially known as San Pedro de Tacna, is a city in southern Peru and the regional capital of the Tacna Region. A very commercially active city, it is located only 35 km (22 mi) north of the border with Arica y Parinacota Region from Chile, inland from the Pacific Ocean and in the valley of the Caplina River. It is Peru's tenth most populous city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department of Tacna</span> Departments of Peru

Tacna is the southernmost department and region in Peru. The Chilean Army occupied the present-day Tacna Department during the War of the Pacific from 1885 until 1929 when it was reincorporated into Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Ancón</span> 1883 territorial settlement between Chile and Peru

The Treaty of Ancón was a peace treaty signed by Chile and Peru on 20 October 1883, in Ancón, near Lima. It was intended to settle the two nations' remaining territorial differences at the conclusion of their involvement in the War of the Pacific and to stabilise post-bellum relations between them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Lima (1929)</span> 1929 treaty between Chile and Peru

The Tacna–Arica compromise or Treaty of Lima was a series of documents that settled the territorial dispute of both Tacna and Arica provinces of Peru and Chile respectively. According to the Treaty, the Tacna-Arica Territory was divided between both countries; Tacna being awarded to Peru and with Chile retaining sovereignty over Arica. Chile also agreed to pay up to US$6 million in compensation to Peru. The Treaty was signed on 3 June 1929 in Lima by then-Peruvian Representative Pedro José Rada y Gamio and Chilean Representative Emiliano Figueroa Larrain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tacna and Arica campaign</span> Part of the War of the Pacific (1879–1880)

The Tacna and Arica campaign is known as the stage of the War of the Pacific after the Chilean conquest of the Peruvian department of Tarapacá, ending with Chilean domination of the Moquegua department in southern Peru. During this campaign Bolivia retired from the war after the Battle of Tacna, and Peru lost the port of Arica. Also, Manuel Baquedano assumed command as the new Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army, and the Allied Presidents were thrown out of office and replaced by Nicolas de Pierola in Peru and General Narciso Campero in Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarapacá Province (Peru)</span>

The Province of Tarapacá was a territorial division of Peru that existed from 1837 until 1883. The capital of this province was the city of Iquique. With the creation of the Tarapacá Department in 1878 the capital was moved to the city of Tarapacá. The province was bordered on the north by Arica Province, on the east and south by Bolivia, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peruvian people constituted a minority in the province as both Chileans and Bolivians were more numerous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarapacá Department (Peru)</span> Department of Peru (1878–1883)

Tarapacá was a Department of Peru, which existed between 1878 and 1884, when it was unconditionally ceded to Chile after the War of the Pacific under the Treaty of Ancón.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Land campaign of the War of the Pacific</span> South American war (1879–1883)

After the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific was resolved, the Chilean terrestrial invasion began.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chilean occupation of Peru</span> Military occupation of Peru (1879–1883)

The Chilean occupation of Peru began on November 2, 1879, with the beginning of the Tarapacá campaign during the War of the Pacific. The Chilean Army successfully defeated the Peruvian Army and occupied the southern Peruvian territories of Tarapacá, Arica and Tacna. By January 1881, the Chilean army had reached Lima, and on January 17 of the same year, the occupation of Lima began.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarapacá Department (Chile)</span>

Tarapacá Department was a department in Tarapacá Province, Chile, from 1883 to 1928. It was ceded to Chile under the Treaty of Ancón, formerly being part of the Peruvian province of the same name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá</span> Chilean transculturation process in Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá

The Chilenization of Tacna, Arica, and Tarapacá was a process of forced transculturation or acculturation in the areas which were invaded and incorporated by Chile since the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). The aim of the Chilenization was to create a dominance of Chilean traditions and culture in that region, in preference to those of the Peruvian population. The British desire to reunite all saltpeter mines under one political administration was also a major factor that influenced the outcome of the war.

Gerardo Vargas Hurtado (1869–1941) was a Peruvian journalist born in Arica. He was also a playwright, historian, founder of the newspaper El Ariqueño and a journalist of the newspaper El Morro de Arica published until 1911.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tacna Province (Chile)</span> Former province of Chile

The Tacna Province was a territorial division of Chile that existed between 1884 and 1929. It was ceded by the Treaty of Ancón in 1883 and placed under military administration, and then created on 31 October 1884, incorporating the former Peruvian provinces of Tacna and Arica of the also former Tacna Department, as well as a contested claim over Tarata, and was returned to Peru at midnight on 28 August 1929, under the terms agreed upon in the Treaty of Lima of the same year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tacna Department (Chile)</span>

The Tacna Department was a territorial division of Chile that existed between 1884 and 1929. It was ceded by the Treaty of Ancón in 1883 and placed under military administration, and then created on the 31st of October 1884, as one of the three departments of the Tacna Province, incorporating as well a disputed claim over Tarata, and was returned to Peru at midnight on the 28th of August 1929, under the terms agreed upon in the Treaty of Lima of the same year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arica Department</span>

The Arica Department was a territorial division of Chile that existed between 1884 and 1929. It was ceded by the Treaty of Ancón in 1883 and placed under military administration, and then created on the 31st of October 1884, as one of the three departments of the Tacna Province, and was returned to Peru at midnight on the 28th of August 1929, under the terms agreed upon in the Treaty of Lima of the same year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tarapacá Province</span>

Tarapacá was a province in Chile, from 1883 to 1928. It was ceded to Chile under the Treaty of Ancón, formerly being part of the Peruvian province of the same name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pisagua Department</span> Department of Chile (1884–1974)

Pisagua Department was a department in Tarapacá Province, Chile, from 1883 to 1974. It was ceded to Chile under the Treaty of Ancón, formerly being part of the Peruvian province of the same name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Handover of Tacna</span> 1929 handover of Tacna from Chile to Peru

The handover of Tacna from Chile to Peru took place on August 28, 1929. The event ended 49 years of Chilean rule over its then newest province, which began in 1880 after the Bolivian–Peruvian defeat at the Battle of Tacna against the Chilean Army during the War of the Pacific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chilean–Peruvian territorial dispute</span>

The Chilean–Peruvian territorial dispute is a territorial dispute between Chile and Peru that started in the aftermath of the War of the Pacific and ended significantly in 1929 with the signing of the Treaty of Lima and in 2014 with a ruling by the International Court of Justice. The dispute applies since 2014 to a 37,610 km2 territory in the Chile–Peru border, as a result of the maritime dispute between both states.

References

  1. "Arica History" (Web page). lonelyplanet.com. Lonely Planet. 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  2. "ARICA". welcomechile.com. Interpatagonia. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  3. Dicionario geográfico peruano y almanaque de "La Crónica" para 1918. Lima, Peru: N. Moral. 1918. p. 62. OCLC   26142406.
  4. Egaña, Rafael (1900) The Tacna and Arica question. Historical antecedents.--Diplomatic action. Present state of the affair (translated from the Spanish edition by Edwin C. Reed) Barcelona Printing Office, Santiago, Chile, OCLC   19301902
  5. "Chili and Peru. A money offer for Provinces". The Daily Telegraph . No. 5144. New South Wales, Australia. 16 December 1895. p. 5. Retrieved 8 December 2018 via National Library of Australia. , ...Senor de Pierola, the President of the Republic of Peru, has offered Chili the sum of 10,000,000 piastres (about £790,000) for the provinces of Tacna and Arica. These provinces were ceded by Peru to Chili for ten years (1883-93), at the end of which period a plebiscite was to decide their definite nationality. Owing to the troubles in Peru last year this decision was deferred...
  6. Jane, Lionel Cecil (1930) "The question of Tacna-Arica ..." Transactions of the Grotius Society 15: pp. 93–119