Arvi Hurskainen | |
---|---|
Born | Kitee, Finland | January 25, 1941
Nationality | Finnish |
Known for | developing SALAMA, a computational environment for language technology |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Linguistics Language technology, Machine translation |
Institutions | University of Helsinki |
Doctoral advisors | Juha Pentikäinen and Marja-Liisa Swantz |
Arvi Johannes Hurskainen (born January 25, 1941, in Kitee) is a Finnish scholar of language technology and linguistics. Since 1985 he has developed rule-based language technology mainly for Swahili, but also for other languages, including machine translation from English to Finnish. He has created a development environment called SALAMA (acronym for Swahili Language Manager), but it suits to any language. The major applications developed so far include the following: the spell checker for Swahili, [1] the annotator of corpus texts, [2] an advanced dictionary between Swahili and English [3] and translators [4] from Swahili to English, from English to Swahili, and from English to Finnish. He has also developed an advanced learning system for Swahili [5] and a system for producing targeted vocabularies for language learners. [2] Hurskainen has compiled two annotated corpora, Helsinki Corpus of Swahili 1.0 and Helsinki Corpus of Swahili 2.0. [6]
He first studied theology at the University of Helsinki. Later, after having worked in Tanzania, he studied anthropology and published his PhD dissertation Cattle and Culture. The Structure of a Pastoral Parakujo Society. [7] In 1976 he worked as a researcher in Jipemoyo Project, sponsored by the Academy of Finland in Tanzania, and in 1977–1980 in the service of the Finnish Lutheran Mission in Helsinki.
Hurskainen worked at the University of Helsinki, first as a lecturer in 1981–1989 and then as a professor in 1989–2006. In between, in 1984–1985 he worked at Tumaini University in Tanzania. Before the university career, he worked in Tanzania for eight years in various teaching tasks. He was the director of the Department of Asian and African Studies in 1999–2001. He retired in 2006.
In 1988–1992 he directed the fieldwork project Swahili Language and Folklore, sponsored by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finland and the University of Dar-es-Salaam. The project produced the speech corpus DAHE (Dar-es-Salaam - Helsinki), which was later digitized.
Hurskainen has developed language technology by making use of detailed language analysis. The basic description of language is made using the finite-state transducers, first developed by Kimmo Koskenniemi. The individual words are then disambiguated using constraint grammar technology. Also, the syntactic mapping is performed in this phase. Disambiguation and syntactic mapping are performed using Constraint Grammar 3.0, originally developed by Fred Karlsson and implemented by Pasi Tapanainen from Connexor. [8]
The rule-based approach developed by Hurskainen has similarities with other rule-based systems, such as Grammatical Framework [9] and Nooj. [10] Rule-based approaches to language technology, especially as they apply to machine translation, are considered suitable for low-resource languages with rich morphology, such as Bantu languages. [11]
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Swahili, also known by its local name Kiswahili, is a Bantu language spoken by the Swahili people, who are found primarily in Tanzania, Kenya and Mozambique.
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Aspects of the Theory of Syntax is a book on linguistics written by American linguist Noam Chomsky, first published in 1965. In Aspects, Chomsky presented a deeper, more extensive reformulation of transformational generative grammar (TGG), a new kind of syntactic theory that he had introduced in the 1950s with the publication of his first book, Syntactic Structures. Aspects is widely considered to be the foundational document and a proper book-length articulation of Chomskyan theoretical framework of linguistics. It presented Chomsky's epistemological assumptions with a view to establishing linguistic theory-making as a formal discipline comparable to physical sciences, i.e. a domain of inquiry well-defined in its nature and scope. From a philosophical perspective, it directed mainstream linguistic research away from behaviorism, constructivism, empiricism and structuralism and towards mentalism, nativism, rationalism and generativism, respectively, taking as its main object of study the abstract, inner workings of the human mind related to language acquisition and production.
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