Baba Fighani Shirazi | |
---|---|
Born | 15th-century Shiraz, Aq Qoyunlu |
Died | 1519 Mashhad, Safavid Iran |
Occupation | Poet |
Baba Fighani Shirazi (also spelled Faghani; died 1519) was a Persian poet active in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Born and raised in the southern city of Shiraz, Fighani belonged to a family of craftsmen, working as a cutler for his father and brother during his youth. It is unknown how Fighani rose to prominence as a poet, but by the time the Aq Qoyunlu Ya'qub Beg (r. 1478–1490) ruled, he had become a notable figure, and was thus was given the honorific title of bābā shāʿir or bābā al-shuʿarā (lit. "papa poet") by the latter. [1] [2]
Fighani served as a court poet of Ya'qub Beg alongside other distinguished figures such as Ahli Shirazi, Kamal al-Din Bana'i Haravi, and Shahidi Qumi. [3] Fighani also established a reputation as someone who could not drink much alcohol without getting quickly drunk, despite his fondness and frequent visits to local taverns. [4] During the disintegration of the Aq Qoyunlu realm, Fighani left for the east, where he settled in Abivard, and then finally Mashhad. There he dedicated many of his poems to the Shi'i Imams and the rising Safavid ruler, Shah Ismail I (r. 1501–1524). Fighani died in 1519 in Mashhad, where he was buried. [1] [2]
By the early 17th-century, Fighani became regarded as the founder of the "Fresh Style" (ṭarz-i tāza) of Persian poetry, later known as sabk-i Hindī (lit. "Indian style"), which was the leading style for over two centuries. [1] However, Iranologist Homa Katouzian considers attribution to be an "exaggeration", stating that the movement was an "evolutionary one." [5] Fighani's work had a permanent impact on the design of Persian poetry under the Safavids. [2]
Nūr ad-Dīn 'Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī, also known as Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān or Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti, or simply as Jami or Djāmī and in Turkey as Molla Cami, was a Sunni poet who is known for his achievements as a prolific scholar and writer of mystical Sufi literature. He was primarily a prominent poet-theologian of the school of Ibn Arabi and a Khwājagānī Sũfī, recognized for his eloquence and for his analysis of the metaphysics of mercy. His most famous poetic works are Haft Awrang, Tuhfat al-Ahrar, Layla wa Majnun, Fatihat al-Shabab, Lawa'ih, Al-Durrah al-Fakhirah. Jami belonged to the Naqshbandi Sufi order.
Uzun Hasan or Uzun Hassan was a ruler of the Turkoman Aq Qoyunlu state and is generally considered to be its strongest ruler. Hasan ruled between 1452 and 1478, and would preside over the confederation's territorial apex when it included parts or all of present-day Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iran, Transcaucasia and Syria.
Hatef Esfahani was an 18th-century poet based in Isfahan during the collapse of the Safavid dynasty of Iran and the chaos that followed. He was one of the earliest and leading members of the literary movement Bazgasht-e adabi, which advocated for a return to the fundamentals of classical Persian poetry in protest against the excessively "unnatural" nature of the Indian style that dominated poetry in Iran and Persian-speaking India.
The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Turkoman tribal confederation. Founded in the Diyarbakir region by Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg, they ruled parts of present-day eastern Turkey from 1378 to 1503, and in their last decades also ruled Armenia, Azerbaijan, much of Iran, Iraq, and Oman where the ruler of Hormuz recognised Aq Qoyunlu suzerainty. The Aq Qoyunlu empire reached its zenith under Uzun Hasan.
Saib Tabrizi was an Iranian poet, regarded as one of the greatest masters of a form of classical Persian lyric poetry characterized by rhymed couplets, known as the ghazal. He also established the "Indian style" in the literature of his native language, Azerbaijani Turkic, in which he is known to have written 17 ghazals and molammaʿs.
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Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani, was a Persian religious scholar, historian and political writer. He was born in 1455 in Shiraz, a city in Fars, a region in southern Iran. His father belonged to the Ruzbihan family, which was descended from the Sufi author Ruzbihan Baqli, while his mother belonged to the Sa'idi family. Through both his parents, Khunji belonged to the affluent and influential ulama of Fars, who were respected and protected by the Turkmen Aq Qoyunlu. In 1487, Khunji left Shiraz for the third time for a Hajj. He met Sultan Ya'qub of Aq Qoyunlu near the Sahand mountain and agreed to write the history of Aq Qoyunlu dynasty. When the Safavid shah Ismail I started the Shi'ification of Iran and the persecution of Sunni Muslims, Khunji fled to Transoxiana, where he lived for the rest of his life under the patronage of Timurids and Shaybanids.
Yaqub b. Uzun Hasan, commonly known as Sultan Ya'qub was the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu from 1478 until his death on 24 December 1490. A son of Uzun Hasan, he became the ruler of the dynasty after the death of his brother Sultan Khalil. The borders of Aq Qoyunlu dynasty remained stable during his reign. In his book Alam-Aray-i Amini, Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani praised him as a decent successor of Uzun Hasan. Ya'qub received praise from other historians for supporting poets and scientists.
Tarīkh-i ʿĀlam-ārā-yi Amīnī is a Persian book on the history of Aq Qoyunlu confederation written by Fazl b. Ruzbihan Khunji. It was composed after the major eastwards expansion of the Aq Qoyunlu, and was completed before 1493.
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Mawsillu was a Turcoman tribe active in Aq Qoyunlu and the Safavid Empire.
Mirza Jalal Mohammad, who is best known as Asir-e Esfahani (Asir) and Shahrestani, was a poet in 17th-century Safavid Iran. He was an innovative writer whose oeuvre contains examples of all conventional Persian poetic forms, a grandee at court and a son-in-law of Shah ("King") Abbas the Great.
Qazi Isa Savaji was a Persian bureaucrat from the Savaji family, who was among the leading figures during the reign of the Aq Qoyunlu rulers Uzun Hasan and Ya'qub Beg.
Sharaf al-Din Shah-Mahmud Jan Daylami Qazvini, better known as Mahmud Jan Daylami was an Iranian bureaucrat from the Daylami family, who occupied high offices under the Aq Qoyunlu and the Safavids.
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