A bacteriologist is a professional[1] trained in bacteriology, a subdivision of microbiology. The duties of a bacteriologist include prevention, diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, as well as health care, and they may carry out various functions such as epidemiological surveillance, quality auditing with biotechnology development, basic research, management and teaching related to the career, scientist management, laboratory coordination and blood banks.[2]
The name can vary depending on the official laws of each country and how they are established in the society and therefore they would have a different official name. Whether they have different official name among the countries, the background almost is similar.
Called Medical Laboratory Scientist or Bachelor of science in the United States depending on their training, bacteriologists to homologate their title in the United States are called Bachelor of Bacteriology.
Aims
The main aim of a bacteriologist is prognosticate, diagnose and the disease surveillance by a huge range of laboratory test, all of them in the context of health care. Hence, a bacteriologist plays a role in research, management of the health care, promoting health and disease prevention.
There are plenty of methods and procedures used by the bacteriologist in the clinical laboratory whose purpose is the diagnosis of various diseases, some of these techniques are:
Techniques in Clinical Chemistry: used for determination of various analyses in various biological fluids, different reagents are used to play colorimetric techniques and enzyme kinetics, among others. The result of these reactions were measured by spectrometer or other similar physical techniques to quantitatively determine the value of an analyte, so as measured quantitatively analytes such as creation, BUN, lipid profile, total protein, glucose, direct bilirubin and overall, among others.
Techniques in Immunology: many of the immunological techniques used in clinical laboratory are based on the ability of antibodies to bind to specific antigens either in vitro or vivo, is how this feature that is exploited by the professional laboratory diagnose various diseases and / or semi-quantitative or quantitative determination of various analytes, among the various techniques used in immunology section include: immunology Test as ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunodeficient assay) for its acronym in English, with agglutination techniques latex particles coated with antibody or antigen, agglutination techniques, articulation chromatography techniques, microorganisms stereotyping techniques, fluorescence, among many others. Some of the tests performed in this section mentioned techniques are: rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies by agglutination with latex particles, c-reactive protein, chromatography for determination of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, HIV 1 and 2, hepatitis B virus, ELISA for determination of hormones and the presence of other microorganisms causing diseases among other tests.
Techniques in Microbiology: mainly used to determine infectious diseases the causative agent of the disease, regardless of whether it is caused by a bacterium, virus, fungi or parasites, bacteriologist through various coloration's, microscopic observation, specific crops for growth of each organism, biochemical tests whether manual, semi-automated or automated used to determine the genus and species of the organism causing the disease. a bacteriologist should be able to identify and name any parasitic observe microscopic structure, recently antimicrobial susceptibility tests have become very important for the emergence of multi-resistant bacterial strains in clinical microbiology section of the laboratory tests performed bacteriologists antimicrobial susceptibility to determine which antibiotics should treat various infectious diseases.
Techniques in Hematology: Section of Hematology various examinations are performed as: Table He mic, FSP (peripheral blood smear), reticulated count, observation and identification of parasites, determining blood type and RH, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, among other . Bacteriologists in specialized clinical laboratory hematology specialists perform more specific tests for diagnosis of hematologic diseases such as leukemia, anemia, regardless of etiology or other genetic alterations by various techniques such wherein phenotype cell markers studies performed by flow optometry, molecular biology techniques molecular as electroscopes, PCR and other tests such as: osmotic fragility, analysis of bone marrow aspirates, among others.
Techniques in Molecular Biology and Genetics: in specialized clinical laboratory services are included with molecular biology and genetics where the bacteriologist makes techniques such as chain reaction (PCR), electroscopes, Southern blot, Western blot, and DNA sequencing techniques genetically among others, which can be quite useful for diagnosis of various diseases.
Techniques in Blood Bank and Transfusion Unit: Section blood bank and / or transfusion unit performs professional laboratory testing donated blood units to ensure they are in good condition to be transfused to a patient, tests are done as presence or absence of infectious agents that produce diseases such as HIV, Sagas disease, Hepatitis, HTLV I, syphilis and others. Equally prepared and necessary processes are separated by centrifugal units of RBCs, precipitate, and platelet units reductionist procedures among others. Different unit processes in transfusion procedures are performed to measure the compatibility of the donor - recipient, the bacteriologist must verify the absence of antibodies that produce severe thrombolytic reactions at the time of transfusion between these procedures include: cross match minor, major crosspatch, determining blood type and RH, direct Combs, Combos indirect detection of antibodies and antibodies.
All manual or automated procedures require the strictest quality control. Checks should be made internal and external quality, make the appropriate calibrations, maintenance of equipment when necessary and properly validate every bacteriologist should follow the protocols are conducted in the clinical laboratory for quality control concerns, besides being constantly updated theoretical and academic in this way make a correct clinical correlation and ensure the accuracy of the results reported to the doctor.
Biosecurity
One of the most important properties that should be a bacteriologist is his biosecurity. A bacteriologist should work with the right equipment depending on the level of the laboratory where the work and the danger of working with samples, this equipment includes: gown, masks, goggles biosecurity, latex gloves, biohazard cabinet, if it is a laboratory where highly dangerous microorganisms work bacteriologist must use special biosafety suits.
Some of the samples analyzed by bacteriologists are:
Blood samples
Samples of suppurative lesions
Samples of cerebrospinal fluid
Pleural fluid samples
Samples of ascitic fluid
Tissue infected
Samples of synovial fluid
Samples for urinalysis
Samples for stool tests
Samples of parasitic structures
Competencies
Many medical diagnoses are based on the various examinations conducted by the bacteriologist in the clinical laboratory
A bacteriologist has general knowledge in bacteriology, hematology, parasitology, mycology, virology, immunology, genetics, cytogenetics, molecular biology, quality control, biotechnology, among other disciplines. The bacteriologist can reinforce the knowledge acquired through specialization, diploma, masters and doctoral degrees recognized by official institutions.
A bacteriologist performs in different fields as either professional or coordinator of clinical laboratory and blood banks, scientific research groups, microbiological quality control, quality control in clinical laboratory equipment epidemiology and public health, clinical laboratory veterinarian forensic clinical laboratory teaching in the fields of competence, among others. Besides this is the duty of bacteriologist transmit their knowledge to practitioners and bacteriologists future clinical laboratory professionals.
Motivations
Passion for the profession.
Social Status
Conduct research across the breadth of his knowledge.
Perform various specializations (Hematology, Microbiology, Clinical Chemistry, Genetics, Cytogenetics, Immunology, etc. degree in various fields of life sciences and medical commitment to the medical staff.
Providing accuracy, precision, reliability, etc. of the obtained results.
Opportunities to expand their knowledge to any branch of biology.
Compensation of the work.
Size of workplace (clinical laboratory in different specialties, research, quality control, clinical epidemiology, public health, industry, forensics lab, among others.
Ethic
A bacteriologist have the obligation of have the following attitudes;
Good reception and attention of the patients.
Complete monitoring of the samples.
To save the professional secrecy.
To know and implement the profession ethic code established by the authorities.
Professional career
In Colombia is regulated by the Bacteriologist National School “Colegio Nacional de Bacteriólogo (CNB)”[5] which determine whether the professional is ready or not to perform the professional career by the obtaining of a professional card. that qualify to the professional to perform the professional career, it is regulated by the law (Article 2 of Act 1193 of 2008 which amends Act 841 of 2003), which determines; "The National Association of Bacteriologists assumes the functions of issuing of the professional card referred in Article 5 of Act, the Professional Cards, meanwhile inscriptions or records Bacteriologists will be issued by the Ministries of Health of the different departments"
“While the National Association of Bacteriologists acts as the issue of the professional card referred to in Article 5 of this Law, the Professional Cards, inscriptions or records Bacteriologists will be issued by the Ministries of Health of the different departments”[2]
In Bioethical see National Court and Ethics Bacteriology know will handle disciplinary proceedings on appeal - Bioethics - ethics - which identify professionals who practice in the profession of bacteriology in Colombia for petty offenses established in the existing laws matter. under Article 8 of Law 1193 of 2008.
Approval
Currently, to carry out the career in a different country of the initial studies, it is necessary to do a type approval or validation. As long as the professional be interested to work in the destiny country.
It is not necessary the approval or validate, when the professionals pretend to improve the knowledge in a Hague member country (Hague Convention), As long as the interested provided the correct documents legalization performed by the apostille convention, thus as ask for the postgraduates certificate access in accordance with paragraph c of Article 14 of Act 30 of 1992 (within Colombia),[6] It is necessary determine whether the destiny country is on the haya member list.[7]
Bacteriologist's day
In Colombia, 28 April is celebrated as Bacteriologist's day. However, in other countries this does not exist or is not celebrated. An international day is not present.
Noted bacteriologists
Sir Alexander Fleming, FRSE, FRS, FRCS(Eng) (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish bacteriologist, biologist, pharmacologist and botanist. He discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928.
Hans Christian Joachim Gram (September 13, 1853 - November 14, 1938) was a Danish bacteriologist. He was the son of Frederik Terkel Julius Gram, a professor of jurisprudence, and Louise Christiane Roulund. "see also Gram staining"
André-Alfred Lemierre (born July 30, 1875, in Paris; died 1956) was a French bacteriologist. He described Lemierre's syndrome in 1936 while working as a bacteriologist in the Claude Bernard Hospital in Paris.
Sir William Watson Cheyne, 1st Baronet KCMG CB FRCS FRS (14 December 1852 – 19 April 1932) was a British surgeon and bacteriologist, who pioneered the use of antiseptic surgical methods in the United Kingdom.
Laws and acts
This are some of the laws/acts that regulated to bacteriologist; (Spanish)
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood products into one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, clotting factors, and platelets.
Transfusion medicine is the branch of medicine that encompasses all aspects of the transfusion of blood and blood components including aspects related to hemovigilance. It includes issues of blood donation, immunohematology and other laboratory testing for transfusion-transmitted diseases, management and monitoring of clinical transfusion practices, patient blood management, therapeutic apheresis, stem cell collections, cellular therapy, and coagulation. Laboratory management and understanding of state and federal regulations related to blood products are also a large part of the field.
A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a full blood count (FBC), is a medical laboratory test that gives information about the cells in a person's blood. The test reports the amounts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and the hematocrit, which is the percentage of the blood that is made up of red blood cells. The red blood cell indices, which describe the average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, are also reported, and a white blood cell differential, which counts the different types of white blood cells, may be performed.
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick. Multiple tests for specific blood components, such as a glucose test or a cholesterol test, are often grouped together into one test panel called a blood panel or blood work. Blood tests are often used in health care to determine physiological and biochemical states, such as disease, mineral content, pharmaceutical drug effectiveness, and organ function. Typical clinical blood panels include a basic metabolic panel or a complete blood count. Blood tests are also used in drug tests to detect drug abuse.
An automated analyser is a medical laboratory instrument designed to measure different chemicals and other characteristics in a number of biological samples quickly, with minimal human assistance. These measured properties of blood and other fluids may be useful in the diagnosis of disease.
A radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is a blood test using radioimmunoassay test to detect specific IgE antibodies, to determine the substances a subject is allergic to. This is different from a skin allergy test, which determines allergy by the reaction of a person's skin to different substances.
Rh disease is a type of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). HDFN due to anti-D antibodies is the proper and currently used name for this disease as the Rh blood group system actually has more than 50 antigens and not only D-antigen. The term "Rh Disease" is not the current terminology but it is commonly used to refer to HDFN due to anti-D antibodies, and prior to the discovery of anti-Rho(D) immune globulin, it was the most common type of HDFN. The disease ranges from mild to severe, and occurs in the second or subsequent pregnancies of Rh-D negative women when the biologic father is Rh-D positive.
Serology is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection, against other foreign proteins, or to one's own proteins.
A Coombs test, also known as antiglobulin test (AGT) is either of two blood tests used in immunohematology. They are the direct and indirect Coombs tests. The direct Coombs test detects antibodies that are stuck to the surface of the red blood cells. Since these antibodies sometimes destroy red blood cells, a person can be anemic and this test can help clarify the condition. The indirect Coombs detects antibodies that are floating freely in the blood. These antibodies could act against certain red blood cells and the test can be done to diagnose reactions to a blood transfusion.
Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology. This specialty requires a medical residency.
A medical laboratory scientist (MLS), also traditionally referred to as a clinical laboratory scientist (CLS), or medical technologist (MT), is a healthcare professional who performs chemical, hematological, immunologic, histopathological, cytopathological, microscopic, and bacteriological diagnostic analyses on body fluids such as blood, urine, sputum, stool, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, and synovial fluid, as well as other specimens. Medical laboratory scientists work in clinical laboratories at hospitals, reference labs, biotechnology labs and non-clinical industrial labs. Those that work in non clinical industrial labs are often referred to as biomedical laboratory technologist (BLT) in parts of the world.
Selective immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency (SIgAD) is a genetic immunodeficiency, a type of hypogammaglobulinemia. People with this deficiency lack immunoglobulin A (IgA), a type of antibody that protects against infections of the mucous membranes lining the mouth, airways, and digestive tract. It is defined as an undetectable serum IgA level in the presence of normal serum levels of IgG and IgM, in persons older than 4 years. It is the most common of the primary antibody deficiencies. Most such persons remain healthy throughout their lives and are never diagnosed.
Extractable Nuclear Antigens (ENAs) are over 100 different soluble cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens. They are known as “extractable” because they can be removed from cell nuclei using saline and represent six main proteins: Ro, La, Sm, RNP, Scl-70, Jo1. Most ENAs are part of spliceosomes or nucleosomes complexes and are a type of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNPS). The location in the nucleus and association with spliceosomes or nucleosomes results in these ENAs being associated with additional RNA and proteins such as polymerases. This quality of ENAs often makes it difficult to purify and quantify their presence for clinical use.
Nephelometry is a technique used in immunology to determine the levels of several blood plasma proteins. For example the total levels of antibodies isotypes or classes: Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin A. It is important in quantification of free light chains in diseases such as multiple myeloma. Quantification is important for disease classification and for disease monitoring once a patient has been treated.
A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where clinical pathology tests are carried out on clinical specimens to obtain information about the health of a patient to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Clinical Medical laboratories are an example of applied science, as opposed to research laboratories that focus on basic science, such as found in some academic institutions.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE) is caused by the anti-RhE antibody of the Rh blood group system. The anti-RhE antibody can be naturally occurring, or arise following immune sensitization after a blood transfusion or pregnancy.
In hematology, red cell agglutination or autoagglutination is a phenomenon in which red blood cells clump together, forming aggregates. It is caused by the surface of the red cells being coated with antibodies. This often occurs in cold agglutinin disease, a type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in which people produce antibodies that bind to their red blood cells at cold temperatures and destroy them. People may develop cold agglutinins from lymphoproliferative disorders, from infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Epstein-Barr virus, or idiopathically. Red cell agglutination can also occur in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In cases of red cell agglutination, the direct antiglobulin test can be used to demonstrate the presence of antibodies bound to the red cells.
A white blood cell differential is a medical laboratory test that provides information about the types and amounts of white blood cells in a person's blood. The test, which is usually ordered as part of a complete blood count (CBC), measures the amounts of the five normal white blood cell types – neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils – as well as abnormal cell types if they are present. These results are reported as percentages and absolute values, and then they are compared against reference ranges to determine whether the values are normal, low, or high. Changes in the amounts of white blood cells can aid in the diagnosis of many health conditions, including viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections and blood disorders such as leukemia.
Blood typing is a medical laboratory test used to identify the antigens on a person's red blood cells, which determine their blood type. Routine blood typing involves determining the ABO and RhD type, and is performed before blood transfusions to ensure that the donor blood is compatible. It is also used to help diagnose hemolytic disease of the newborn, a condition caused by incompatibility between the blood types of a mother and her baby. ABO typing involves both identification of ABO antigens on red blood cells and identification of ABO antibodies in the plasma. Other blood group antigens, such as RhC/c and E/e or Kell, may be tested for in special situations.
Ludvig Hektoen was an American pathologist known for his work in the fields of pathology, microbiology and immunology. Hektoen was appointed to the National Academy of Sciences in 1918, and served as president of many professional societies, including the American Association of Immunologists in 1927 and the American Society for Microbiology in 1929. He was the founding editor of the Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine in 1926 and edited several other medical journals. He was knighted to the Order of St. Olav in 1929, and in 1933, he became professor emeritus of pathology at the University of Chicago. The Hektoen Institute for Medical Research—formerly the John McCormick Institute of Infectious Diseases—now bears his name.
1 2 3 "Act 841 of 2003"(PDF). By which the exercise of the profession is regulated bacteriologist, // the code of bioethics and other provisions are issued (in Spanish). Ministry of Education. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
↑ "Act 30 of 1992"(PDF) (in Spanish). National Accreditation Council, Republic of Colombia. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-05-14. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
↑ "Ley 1193 de 2008"(PDF) (in Spanish). Ministerio de Salud, Republica de Colombia. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-12-21. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
↑ "Decreto 4192 de 2010"(PDF) (in Spanish). Presidencia, Republica de Colombia. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-05-14. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
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