Ballestero de monte

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The Ballestero de Monte (mountain crossbowman) or Fiel de rastro (marksman of the trail), was a member of a body which provided vigilance in the mountains of Murcia, Lorca, Cartagena and Orihuela as well pursuing bandits from the Kingdom of Granada when they attacked. These groups operated between the 13th and 15th centuries.

Lorca, Spain Municipality in Murcia, Spain

Lorca is a municipality and city in the autonomous community of Murcia in southeastern Spain, 58 kilometres (36 mi) southwest of the city of Murcia. It had a population of 478,956 in 2010, up from the 2001 census total of 399,567. Lorca is the municipality with the largest surface area in Spain with 1,675.21 km2 (646.80 sq mi). The city is home to Lorca Castle and the Collegiate church dedicated to St. Patrick.

Cartagena, Spain Municipality in Murcia, Spain

Cartagena is a Spanish city and a major naval station located in the Region of Murcia, by the Mediterranean coast, south-eastern Spain. As of January 2018, it has a population of 213,943 inhabitants, being the Region’s second largest municipality and the country’s 6th non-Province capital city. The metropolitan area of Cartagena, known as Campo de Cartagena, has a population of 409,586 inhabitants.

Orihuela Municipality in Valencian Community, Spain

Orihuela is a city and municipality located at the feet of the Sierra de Orihuela mountains in the province of Alicante, Spain. The city of Orihuela had a population of 33,943 inhabitants at the beginning of 2013. The municipality has a total area of 367.19 km², and stretches all the way down to the Mediterranean coast, west of Torrevieja, and had a total population of 92,000 inhabitants at the beginning of 2013. This includes not only the city of Orihuela, but also the coastal tourist centre of Dehesa de Campoamor with 33,277 inhabitants (2013) and a few other villages.

Contents

Functions

Monitoring the mountains

Their primary function was to patrol the communal grassland and mountainous areas of the Kingdom of Murcia. These patrols were designed to control illegal logging, grain harvesting, fires and charcoal production. They were prohibited from engaging in these activities as well as preventing others from doing them. They faced penalties if they failed, resulting in damage being done to the lands of Cartagena. [1]

Search and pursuit of criminals

Their knowledge of the terrain and tracking skill led to their secondary function which was to hunt down Moorish looters who seized travelers on the road in order to obtain plunder are prisoners for ransom. [2] [3]

Moors medieval Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, and Malta

The term "Moors" refers primarily to the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily, and Malta during the Middle Ages. The Moors initially were the indigenous Maghrebine Berbers. The name was later also applied to Arabs.

Requirements

Membership in this group required three basic criteria: good physical condition; knowledge of the terrain; and tracking skill. On 24 January 1385, their efficiency led King Juan I of Castile, upon request from the Council of Murcia, to stipulate that they were to be exempted from paying taxes. His declaration stated, in part, "Since in that land there are men who know how to follow the trails of those from the land of the Moors who enter to hurt and damage our kings were it not for the mountain crossbowman...we have by good and it is to our favour that there are in that location, six mountain crossbowmen, to follow the said trails and that they be relieved of money for ever." [4]

Because of the dangerous working conditions and high physical demands, the active life of ballesteros was short, due to either retirement or premature death. Therefore, a system of generational rotation was employed to ensure new young men could be trained and substituted for the older veterans in a timely fashion. [5]

Levels

Each group had a leader, chosen democratically by its members, and potentially had several levels. Men were grouped by their skill, with the lowest being "el mancebo" (the youth), who was being apprenticed to learn the trade. The levels were as follows: [6]

See also

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References

  1. Torres Fontes, Juan (1988). Murcia Medieval.
  2. Garcia Anton, J. (1987). Cautiverios, canjes y rescates en la frontera entre Lorca y Vera en los últimos tiempos nazaríes. Volume I. Murcia. pp. 547–559.
  3. Torres Fontes, Juan (1980). "Notas sobre fieles de rastro y alfaqueques murcianos". Murgetana (57): 71–116.
  4. Torres Fontes, Juan (1988). Murcia Medieval. p. 103.
  5. Torres Fontes, Juan (1988). Murcia Medieval. p. 104.
  6. Rocafort, Guillermo. Enigmas y misterios de los almogávares. pp. 111–112.