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Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Therefore, approximants fall between fricatives, which do produce a turbulent airstream, and vowels, which produce no turbulence. This class is composed of sounds like and semivowels like and, as well as lateral approximants like.
In phonology and linguistics, a phoneme is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign. Phoneticians—linguists who specialize in studying Phonetics the physical properties of speech. The field of phonetics is traditionally divided into three sub-disciplines based on the research questions involved such as how humans plan and execute movements to produce speech, how various movements affect the properties of the resulting sound, or how humans convert sound waves to linguistic information. Traditionally, the minimal linguistic unit of phonetics is the phone—a speech sound in a language which differs from the phonological unit of phoneme; the phoneme is an abstract categorization of phones.
Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent traditionally regarded as standard for British English. For over a century, there has been argument over such questions as the definition of RP, whether it is geographically neutral, how many speakers there are, whether sub-varieties exist, how appropriate a choice it is as a standard and how the accent has changed over time. The name itself is controversial. RP is an accent, so the study of RP is concerned only with matters of pronunciation; other areas relevant to the study of language standards such as vocabulary, grammar and style are not considered.
A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (length). They are usually voiced and are closely involved in prosodic variation such as tone, intonation and stress.
A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as, . In some languages, dentals are distinguished from other groups, such as alveolar consonants, in which the tongue contacts the gum ridge. Dental consonants share acoustic similarity and in Latin script are generally written with consistent symbols.
Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds by means of symbols. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the International Phonetic Alphabet.
The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʎ⟩, a rotated lowercase letter ⟨y⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is L.
The velar ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨kʼ⟩.
The voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɟ⟩, a barred dotless ⟨j⟩ that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter ⟨f⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\.
The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɕ⟩. It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiceless palatal fricative, and as such it can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ç˖⟩.
Like many other languages, English has wide variation in pronunciation, both historically and from dialect to dialect. In general, however, the regional dialects of English share a largely similar phonological system. Among other things, most dialects have vowel reduction in unstressed syllables and a complex set of phonological features that distinguish fortis and lenis consonants.
A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:
Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four diacritics:
The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩, or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.
In English phonology, t-glottalization or t-glottalling is a sound change in certain English dialects and accents that causes the phoneme to be pronounced as the glottal stop (listen) in certain positions, particularly in accents of the United Kingdom. It is never universal, especially in careful speech, and it most often alternates with other allophones of such as [t] (help·info),, ,, or.
Electropalatography (EPG) is a technique used to monitor contacts between the tongue and hard palate, particularly during articulation and speech.
Pronunciation of the phoneme in the English language has many variations in different dialects.
Beatrice Lilian Honikman was a phonetician of South African origin who taught at SOAS University of London and the University of Leeds. Her special field was the phonetics of African languages.
Sidney Wood is a British-born retired Swedish phonetician and Research Fellow (docent).
References
- ↑ Mompean, J. A. (2003). Pedagogical tools for teaching articulatory setting. In M. J. Solé & D. Recasens (eds.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. 1603–1606. Adelaide: Causal Productions.
- ↑ Mompean. "Voice and Linguistic Background" . Retrieved 3 April 2016.
- ↑ Celce-Murcia, D. Brinton and J. Goodwin (1996) Teaching Pronunciation, Cambridge University Press pp 27-8
- ↑ Honikman, B. (1964) 'Articulatory Settings' in In Honour of Daniel Jones, eds. D. Abercrombie et al, Longman, pp 73-84.
- ↑ Jenner, B. (2001) 'Articulatory setting:genealogies of an idea', Historiographia Linguistica 28:121-141
- ↑ Cruttenden, A. (2014) Gimson's Pronunciation of English, Routledge, p. 302.
- ↑ Gili Gaya, Samuel (1956). "Base de articulación". Elementos de fonética general (in Spanish) (5th ed.). Madrid: Editorial Gredos. English translation by Emilio Márquez.
- ↑ Messum, Piers (2010). "Understanding and teaching the English articulatory setting" (PDF). Speak Out! (IATEFL Pronunciation Special Interest Group Newsletter) (43): 20–24.
- ↑ Chomsky, N. and Halle, M. (1968) The Sound Pattern of English
- ↑ Odden, D. (2005) Introducing Phonology, Cambridge University Press, p. 136.