Battle of Tertry

Battle of Tertry
Map of Francia in 714 (Austrasia shown in green)
Date 687 Location Tertry, Somme 49°51′47″N3°58′10″E / 49.86306°N 3.96944°E / 49.86306; 3.96944 Result Austrasian victory
Belligerents
Austrasia	Neustria and Burgundy
Commanders and leaders
Pepin of Herstal	Berchar

The Battle of Tertry was an important engagement in Merovingian Gaul between the forces of Austrasia under Pepin II on one side and those of Neustria and Burgundy on the other. ^[1] It took place in 687 at Tertry, Somme, ^[2] and the battle is presented as an heroic account in the Annales mettenses priores. After achieving victory on the battlefield at Tertry, the Austrasians dictated the political future of the Neustrians.

Causes and results

The powerful Austrasian mayor of the palace, Pepin II had concluded peace with his Neustrian counterpart, Waratton, in 680/681, which included the transfer of hostages to ensure peace. ^[3] However, Waratton's successors had renewed the conflict between Austrasia and Neustria. Theuderic III—born and raised in Neustria and a Neustrian at heart—and the nobles of Neustria and Burgundy, under their mayor, Berchar, invaded Austrasia territory. Berchar and Theuderic were routed at Tertry by Pepin in 687 and the Austrasians held the field. ^[4] Historian Michael Frassetto avows that the war during which the battle of Tertry occurred was essentially the result of a long-standing feud between Austrasian and Neustrian leaders and the civil strife within Neustria itself. ^[5] According to the text of the Annales mettenses priores—likely written at the Chelles monastery—Pepin II had led the Austrasians to a magnificent victory during the battle of Tertry. ^[6]

Their supremacy vindicated on a battlefield, the victors forced Berchar out of office and Pepin appointed Nordebert to act on his behalf in Neustria. ^[7] The king was forced to recognise Pepin's mayorship over Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy. ^[8] Pepin subsequently had his son Drogo betrothed to Anstrudis, the widow of Berchar, who was also the daughter of Waratto so as to secure a kin network. ^[9] Instead of otherwise alienating the Neustrians, Pepin merged the Neustrian Sippe into his own, becoming "part of the foundation of Arnulfing power." ^[10]

Eclipsing the Neustrian Mayors, Pepin's victory brought about the effective end of the old seat of Merovingian power, enabling the Arnulfing Mayors to control Neustrian political developments. ^[11] According to historian Rosamond McKitterick, the Battle of Tertry constitutes one of the decisive moments for the Carolingian house and its history. ^[12] Despite the importance of Tertry in strengthening Pepin's position, it was another two generations before Pepin the Short claimed the kingship of the Franks. ^[13]

Legacy

The repercussions of the battle were the reduction of royal authority for Neustria; the supremacy of Austrasia over the rest of the realm, characterised by later conquests to the east and the Aachen-centred Carolingian Empire; the undisputed right to rule of the Arnulfing clan, ^[14] Pepin even taking the title of dux et princeps Francorum or more recognizable to modern readers as "ruler of all of Francia". ^[10] Pepin spent the remainder of the seventh century and the early years of the eighth-century reestablishing Frankish supremacy in Germany, during which time he forced the Frisians, Saxons, Alemanni, Suebians, Thuringians, and Bavari peoples to acknowledge their subordination to the Franks. ^[15]

From the battle of Tertry forward, a mayor from Pepin's clan remained the senior figure within Francia. ^[16] Under Pepin's heir—his illegitimate son Charles Martel—the Franks would achieve their most important victory in checking the Muslim advance into central Europe. ^[17] Martel's rule also delineates the beginning of Carolingian power. ^[18]

Notes

1. Frassetto 2013, pp. 506–507.
2. Bachrach 2013, p. 2.
3. Wood 1994, p. 255.
4. McKitterick 1983, pp. 27–28.
5. Frassetto 2003, p. 329.
6. McKitterick 2008, p. 63.
7. James 1995, p. 97.
8. Frassetto 2013, p. 507.
9. Geary 1988, p. 183.
10. Geary 1988, p. 195.
11. Wallace-Hadrill 2004, p. 82.
12. McKitterick 1983, p. 28.
13. Frassetto 2003, p. 328.
14. Geary 1988, pp. 194–195.
15. Smith-Clare 1897, p. 1205.
16. Wickham 2016, p. 37.
17. Riché 1993, pp. 43–45.
18. Wallace-Hadrill 2004, pp. 82–83.

Bibliography

• Bachrach, Bernard (2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768–777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis. Boston; Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN   978-9-00424-477-1.
• Costambeys, Marios; Innes, Matthew; Maclean, Simon (2012). The Carolingian World. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-52156-366-6.
• Frassetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-57607-263-9.
• Frassetto, Michael (2013). The Early Medieval World: From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne. Vol. 1. (A–K). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. OCLC   931447923.
• Geary, Patrick J. (1988). Before France and Germany: The Creation & Transformation of the Merovingian World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19504-458-4.
• James, Edward (1995). "The Northern World in the Dark Ages, 400–900". In George Holmes (ed.). The Oxford History of Medieval Europe. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19280-133-3.
• McKitterick, Rosamond (1983). The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987. London: Longman. ISBN   0-582-49005-7.
• McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-71645-1.
• Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Translated by Michael Idomir Allen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN   978-0-81221-342-3.
• Smith-Clare, Israel (1897). Mediæval History. Vol. IV. New York: R. S. Peale & J. A. Hill.
• Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. (2004). The Barbarian West, 400–1000. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN   978-0-63120-292-9.
• Wickham, Chris (2016). Medieval Europe. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN   978-0-30020-834-4.
• Wood, Ian (1994). The Merovingian Kingdoms, 450–751. London and New York: Longman. ISBN   0-582-49372-2.