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A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials—such as crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as bone, DNA, and various proteins—in response to applied mechanical stress. The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure and latent heat. It is derived from the Greek word πιέζειν; piezein, which means to squeeze or press, and ἤλεκτρον ēlektron, which means amber, an ancient source of electric charge.
Ferroelectricity is a characteristic of certain materials that have a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field. All ferroelectrics are also piezoelectric and pyroelectric, with the additional property that their natural electrical polarization is reversible. The term is used in analogy to ferromagnetism, in which a material exhibits a permanent magnetic moment. Ferromagnetism was already known when ferroelectricity was discovered in 1920 in Rochelle salt by Joseph Valasek. Thus, the prefix ferro, meaning iron, was used to describe the property despite the fact that most ferroelectric materials do not contain iron. Materials that are both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic are known as multiferroics.
Lead zirconate titanate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 (0≤x≤1), commonly abbreviated as PZT. Also called lead zirconium titanate, it is a ceramic perovskite material that shows a marked piezoelectric effect, meaning that the compound changes shape when an electric field is applied. It is used in a number of practical applications such as ultrasonic transducers and piezoelectric resonators. It is a white to off-white solid.
An ultrasonic motor is a type of piezoelectric motor powered by the ultrasonic vibration of a component, the stator, placed against another component, the rotor or slider depending on the scheme of operation. Ultrasonic motors differ from other piezoelectric motors in several ways, though both typically use some form of piezoelectric material, most often lead zirconate titanate and occasionally lithium niobate or other single-crystal materials. The most obvious difference is the use of resonance to amplify the vibration of the stator in contact with the rotor in ultrasonic motors. Ultrasonic motors also offer arbitrarily large rotation or sliding distances, while piezoelectric actuators are limited by the static strain that may be induced in the piezoelectric element.
Barium titanate (BTO) is an inorganic compound with chemical formula BaTiO3. Barium titanate appears white as a powder and is transparent when prepared as large crystals. It is a ferroelectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric ceramic material that exhibits the photorefractive effect. It is used in capacitors, electromechanical transducers and nonlinear optics.
Lead(II) titanate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula PbTiO3. It is the lead salt of titanic acid. Lead(II) titanate is a yellow powder that is insoluble in water.
Caroline Anne Ross is a British physicist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was named as a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2004 for innovative research into the magnetic properties of thin film and nanoscale structures, and for the development of novel lithographic and self-assembly methods for nanostructure fabrication and named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013 for contributions to synthesis and characterization of nanoscale structures and films for magnetic and magneto-optical devices. She is the Associate Head of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT.
Kenji Uchino is an American electronics engineer, physicist, academic, inventor and industry executive. He is currently a Professor of Electrical Engineering at Pennsylvania State University, where he also directs the International Center for Actuators and Transducers at Materials Research Institute. He is the former Associate Director at The US Office of Naval Research – Global Tokyo Office.
Ruth Cameron FInstP FIOM3 is a British materials scientist and professor at the University of Cambridge. She is co-director of the Cambridge Centre for Medical Materials. She studies materials that interact therapeutically with the body.
Susan Trolier-McKinstry is an American materials scientist. She is the Steward S. Flaschen Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and Electrical Engineering at Pennsylvania State University, Director of the W. M. Keck Smart Materials Integration Laboratory, and co-director of the Nanofabrication facility.
The Rosalind Franklin Fellowship (RFF) is an initiation of University of Groningen, the Netherlands. It is named in honor of Rosalind Franklin. The purpose of the RFF program is to promote the advancement of talented international researchers at the highest levels of the institution.
Jürgen Rödel is a German materials scientist and professor of non-metallic inorganic materials at the Technische Universität Darmstadt.
Nazanin Bassiri-Gharb is a mechanical engineer in the field of micro and nano engineering and mechanics of materials. She is the Harris Saunders, Jr. Chair and Professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia. Bassiri-Gharb leads the Smart Materials, Advanced Research and Technology (SMART) Laboratory at Georgia Tech. Her research seeks to characterize and optimize the optical and electric response of interferometric modulator (IMOD) displays. She also investigates novel materials to improve reliability and processing of IMOD.
Dawn Austin Bonnell is the Senior Vice Provost for Research at the University of Pennsylvania. She has previously served as the Founding Director of the National Science Foundation Nano–Bio Interface Center, Vice President of the American Ceramic Society and President of the American Vacuum Society.
Katherine Whittaker Ferrara is an American engineer who is a professor of radiology at Stanford University. Ferrara has been elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering.
Dragan Damjanovic is a Swiss-Bosnian-Herzegovinian materials scientist. From 2008 to 2022, he was a professor of material sciences at EPFL and head of the Group for Ferroelectrics and Functional Oxides.
Nickel niobate is a complex oxide which as a solid material has found potential applications in catalysis and lithium batteries.
Robert E. Newnham, also known as Bob Newnham, was an American academic and writer who was a Alcoa Professor Emeritus of Solid State Science at the Pennsylvania State University. He is known for his contributions in the field of ferroelectrics.
References
- ↑ "Prof.dr. Beatriz Noheda". University of Groningen. 2015-12-04. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
- ↑ "CogniGron - Groningen Cognitive Systems and Materials Center". University of Groningen. 2017-06-08. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
- ↑ Nathalie, Mayer (26 October 2018). "La ferroélectricité à l'échelle nanométrique devient une réalité". Futura Sciences. Archived from the original on 2018-11-15.
- ↑ "2020 IEEE UFFC Society Ferroelectrics Awards". IEEE UFFC. 2020-07-23. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
- ↑ "Professor Beatriz Noheda; a Rosalind Franklin Fellow success story! - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
- ↑ Madsen, Lynnette (2016). Successful Wonmen Ceramic and Glass Scientists and Engineers: 100 Inspirational Profiles. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-73360-8.
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