Bench table

Last updated

A bench table (French: banc; Italian: sedile; German: Bank) is a low stone seat which runs round the interior of the walls of many large churches. Bench tables are also found around the bases of pillars, and in porches and cloisters. [1]

Contents

A bench table is also known as a table with a bench seat, which is a type of long seat that has the purpose of holding more than 1 person at one time. Commonly, a bench table is placed in outdoor locations such as the garden, park, and side of the pedestrian passage. But also indoor spaces, especially public venues like airports, government offices and churches, often place bench tables.

Bench table has various types of geometric forms. The most familiar one is the rectangular-shaped bench table and the circular-shaped bench table. Moreover, it has discrete size of widths and lengths depending on the location. Generally, churches have bench tables with narrow width and long length in terms of accepting many people in the limited size of the place. On the other hand, bench tables which are located at outdoor locations such as parks have a large surface so that people can put things for dining, studying and working on the table.

Also, bench tables are manufactured in diverse types of materials. The most original material of the bench table is wooden board. In the middle age of Europe, English oak was the leading material of medieval times, but also softened woods are used in manufacturing bench tables.

History

Ancient

Table is known as used since the ancient period with various materials of wood, metal, and stone. In Egypt, a number of pieces of furniture were found in tombs dating back to the ancient kingdom. Thrones, chairs, stools, and desks were all found in luxurious decorations that represent the status and formality of the ruling class. It is not clear that the table appears that era is exactly a bench table but the bench table has various formations and types therefore possibly a bench table had been used since that era. From the tomb of architect Kha at B.C 1375, a table has been found which has a rectangular wood board on top and which has been tanned and painted that hold up by four legs. From the tomb, food was placed on the table which was possibly offered to a god. [2] Thus, in the ancient Egyptian period, table was commonly used for religious purposes to offer to an ancient Egyptian god. [3]

Medieval

The Middle Ages, which developed after the fall of the Roman Empire, were a period of a thousand years from the 4th to the 15th century, when religion and politics were mixed, starting with the Eastern Roman Empire. At that time furniture and art were created under religious and political norms. Mediaeval furniture mainly went through four stages: early Christianity, Romanesque, Gothic, and Byzantine. [4] After that, from the Renaissance period, furniture became a necessity and began to develop. During this period, aristocrats began to build many palaces and villas in the 15th century with the aim of showing off huge structures and luxurious interior decorations based on the vast wealth accumulated in banking and various trades. [5] Wealth, power, and yearning are projected by the inclusion of plants, animals, geometrical, religious, and classical patterns in the bench table. The Acanthus pattern is one of the most common patterns, and it can be found in a table of this period. Moreover, emergence of animal patterns not only embodies the ruler's will to power, but also reflects the influence of certain aspects of religious culture on art. [6] Also, the furniture called “pew” appeared around this period which is a mixture of a bench table and a bench seat which are widely used in churches. [7]

Modern

Bench tables are usually installed outdoors for outdoor activities such as picnic, outdoor dining, and recreational activity. From the 19th century, outdoor meals became popular, and bench tables and bench chairs began to grow in the park. [8]

Design

Types of Bench tables often depend on their uses and locations.

Design

The most common shape of a bench table is a rectangular shaped table, which is a long table with a bench chair. However, the bench table has various geometric forms, not only rectangular shapes but also circular shapes, hexagonal shapes and so on. It varies depending on where the tables are located and how tables are used. Moreover, there are experimental bench tables such as solar energy generating bench tables. It has a solar energy panel at the roof which also blocks the rain for people who are using a bench table and it has a battery at the bottom of the table which can be used.

solar energy generation bench table at University of Sydney Solar energy generation Bench table.jpg
solar energy generation bench table at University of Sydney

Location

The most common location where a bench table is installed is outdoor public places such as a park. As a characteristic of outdoor public places, those locations have a large number of floating population that passes and stays. Therefore, bench tables that are located in public spaces often have a purpose of resting and having a picnic. Bench tables that are located in public places are mostly installed on the floor. However, bench tables are located in indoor locations. Typically, churches usually have a unique design of bench table which is called “Pew”. Pew is a type of furniture that combines a chair with a table. When there is service at the churches, churches take a large number of people, but they have a limited size of the space. Due to this issue, churches use “Pew” which have dual functional furniture that are also efficient on the space application side.

Bench table at cafeteria at University of Sydney Bench table for outdoor dining.jpg
Bench table at cafeteria at University of Sydney

Materials

Wood

Wood is a common type of material that crafts bench tables. Woods have served as furniture since prehistoric times by sitting on tree roots like a chair. [9] From the past to the present, wood is the most commonly used material for furniture. The strength of wood is, most materials that are used in crafting such as steel, aluminium, and plastic have a hot-shortness nature which means they expand due to heat which causes reduction of intensity. The expansion can cause the shape of the furniture to deteriorate. But wood is not affected by thermal expansion. Scientifically, thermal expansion occurs when the humidity of wood is below zero percent, but even in the driest areas, the humidity of wood does not drop below five percent. Because of the high specific heat of the tree, it consumes more energy than other materials such as concrete to raise the temperature of the tree. Bench tables are usually located at outdoor locations such as parks, pedestrian roads and in front of the buildings. The characteristic of these outdoor places is that they get sunlight right away. Therefore, wood is preferred when crafting bench tables. Moreover, Wood oxidises, but wood doesn't rust like metal. On the other hand, wood also has a disadvantage. Outdoor locations have no roof, so the bench table gets wet when there is rain. This rain can cause fungi to grow and rot wood. To prevent this, apply wood preservative. By applying preservative [10] it prevents germs from forming, and prevents dissolving in moisture.

Metal

Metal bench tables are preferred at public locations due to metal requiring less maintenance. One of the significant issues with bench tables that are located in outdoor locations is vandalism. Possible vandalism that can occur to public bench tables is graffiti, [11] carving, and destroying bench tables. Metal is substantially better at preventing vandalism than other materials. In case of graffiti, wood is hygroscopic [12] it absorbs the moisture in paint. Therefore, it is harder to erase it without any damage to the bench table. Moreover, wood is vulnerable to carving vandalism. On the other hand, metal is harder to leave a carving on compared to wood and easier to erase graffiti from it. The disadvantage of metal is oxidation. [13] As public parks are considered as one of the landmarks of the city or town, oxidized bench tables could give a negative impression. It can be prevented by implementing protection on surfaces such as paint.

Plastic

Plastic bench tables are not only preferred in public venues such as offices, universities, shopping malls and restaurants, but also preferred in private locations such as houses. Because it is easy to maintain, lightweight and has a diverse colour choice and design. Among various types of plastic, (high density polyethylene) is the most commonly used in making furniture. Due to concern of the duration of plastic, it improves its strength by blending with wood flour [14] (Gao, 2004).

Stone

Stone bench tables have a high duration but cost a lot. Because of the characteristics of stone which is very heavy, stone bench tables are located in place permanently and mostly located in outdoor venues.

Problems

Vandalism

Due to the characteristic of bench tables, which are often located outdoors, vandalism occurs quite often. The type of vandalism is graffiti, carving, and destroying bench tables. According to Samdahl and Christensen (1985), these kinds of vandalism happen more frequently where bench tables are already vandalised. [15] Under ecological psychology, vandalism which happened before and being neglected triggered further vandalism. This behaviour was also researched by Kelling and Wilson in 1982 by the name of “Broken Windows Theory”. According to “Broken Windows Theory”, [16] In the 1980s, there were more than 600,000 felonies a year in New York, when travellers openly said never to take the New York subway, and in fact police patrol the subway every day, New York's security was literally a mess. In 1984, a staff member of the Transportation Bureau was deployed to the subway vehicle base to erase graffiti. As a result, the number of serious subway crimes in New York has decreased by 75 percent. Therefore, To prevent vandalism, the key part is to maintain a bench table neat all the time. Administrator of public space such as parks, buildings or public venues should be aware of erasing graffiti immediately before it causes further vandalism activity. Graffitis occurred in any material type of bench table, but carving usually occurred in wood type bench tables because wood is easy to get carved compared to other types of materials.

Message on Bench table at University of Sydney Message on bench table.jpg
Message on Bench table at University of Sydney

Environmental impact

As wood is one of the most common materials that is used when producing bench tables, it has an influence in deforestation. In 2018, the World resource institute reported that Indonesia has one of the largest forest areas with Brazil. [17] But from a scientist's perspective, Sumatra's rainforests are going to disappear in the near future, like in 20 years. [18] Due to this deforestation, wildlife in Indonesian rainforest such as orangutans, tigers, and rhinos are going to lose their habitats and will go extinct. Moreover, carbon dioxide needs to be absorbed by forests but due to deforestation forests are less effectively absorbing it which leads to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and which finally causes global warming. Bench tables are often located at recreational sites such as national parks, so they have a large population of people using them as tables for picnics and other recreational activities. However, people often left their garbage at recreational sites. Due to littering, animals are endangered . [19] The most common trash that is left is cans, bottles, and disposable plastic products. Broken cans and bottles have sharp edges, which can cause serious damage to wild animals. Furthermore, animals can try to eat plastic products that can choke them and can cause serious damage to their digestive organs.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Woodworking</span> Process of making objects from wood

Woodworking is the skill of making items from wood, and includes cabinetry, furniture making, wood carving, joinery, carpentry, and woodturning.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Workbench</span>

A workbench is a sturdy table at which manual work is done. They range from simple flat surfaces to very complex designs that may be considered tools in themselves. Workbenches vary in size from tiny jewellers benches to the huge benches used by staircase makers. Almost all workbenches are rectangular in shape, often using the surface, corners and edges as flat/square and dimension standards. Design is as varied as the type of work for which the benches are used but most share these attributes:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chair</span> Piece of furniture for sitting on

A chair is a type of seat, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat and a back-rest. They may be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or upholstered in various colors and fabrics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wood carving</span> Form of working wood by means of a cutting tool

Wood carving is a form of woodworking by means of a cutting tool (knife) in one hand or a chisel by two hands or with one hand on a chisel and one hand on a mallet, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine, or in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object. The phrase may also refer to the finished product, from individual sculptures to hand-worked mouldings composing part of a tracery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Table saw</span> Woodworking tool

A table saw is a woodworking tool, consisting of a circular saw blade, mounted on an arbour, that is driven by an electric motor. The blade protrudes through the top of a table, which provides support for the material, usually wood, being cut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Park furniture</span>

Park furniture is furniture in a park. It is often made out of iron or wood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deck (building)</span> Surface similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors and connected to a building

In architecture, a deck is a flat surface capable of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors, often elevated from the ground, and usually connected to a building. The term is a generalization from the deck of a ship. A level architectural deck may be intended for use by people, e.g., what in the UK is usually called a decked patio. "Roof deck" refers to the flat layer of construction materials to which the weather impervious layers are attached to a form a roof. It is known as the "roof deck", and they may be either level or sloped.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Picnic table</span> Table with benches designed for outdoor dining

A picnic table is a table with benches, designed for working with and for outdoor dining. The term is often specifically associated with rectangular tables having an A-frame structure. Such tables may be referred to as "picnic tables" even when used exclusively indoors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garden furniture</span> Furniture specifically designed for outdoor use

Garden furniture, also called patio furniture or outdoor furniture, is a type of furniture specifically designed for outdoor use. It is typically made of weather-resistant materials such as aluminium which is rust-proof.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Folding chair</span> Portable chair

A folding chair is a type of folding furniture, a light, portable chair that folds flat or to a smaller size, and can be stored in a stack, in a row, or on a cart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bench (furniture)</span> Type of long seat

A bench is a long seat on which multiple people may sit at the same time. Benches are typically made of wood, but may also be made of metal, stone, or synthetic materials. Many benches have back rests, while others do not and can be accessed from either side. Arm rests are another common feature. In many American public areas, benches may be donated by persons or associations, as indicated by an affixed plaque, a common form of memorial to a deceased person. Benches may be placed outdoors or indoors, but are more often found outdoors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plastic lumber</span> Building material

Plastic lumber is a plastic form of lumber made of virgin or recycled plastic. It is mostly made of plastic and binders such as fiberglass or rebar; not to be confused with wood-plastic composite lumber. Widely employed in outdoor decking, it is also used for molding and trim and garden furniture such as park benches. Resistant to cracking and splitting when appropriately installed, plastic lumber can be molded with or without simulated wood grain details. Even with a wood grain design, plastic lumber is still easy to distinguish visually from natural timber: the grains are the same uniform color as the rest of the material.

This glossary of woodworking lists a number of specialized terms and concepts used in woodworking, carpentry, and related disciplines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Music stand</span> Stand to hold songbooks or sheet music

A music stand is a pedestal or elevated rack designed to hold sheets of music in position for reading. Most music stands for orchestral, chamber music or solo orchestra-family instruments can be raised or lowered to accommodate seated or standing performers, or performers of different heights. Many types of keyboard instruments have a built-in or removable music rack or stand where sheet music can be placed. Music stands enable musicians to read sheet music or scores while playing an instrument or conducting, as the stand leaves the hands free. For choirs, singers typically hold their music in a folder, and singers performing solo recitals or opera performances typically memorize the lyrics and melodies. Some singers use stands, such as lounge singers and wedding vocalists who have a repertoire of hundreds of songs, which makes remembering all of the verses difficult.

Teak wood is used for making boats, furniture, and other things which require resistance to the elements. Teak is used for outdoor furniture but is not recommended for full exposure to sunlight. Being more expensive than most other woods, teak furniture has become something of a status symbol. Not only is it common for a teak bench, chair, or table to last 70 years with the correct care plan, it is also common to pass down such furniture to future generations as an heirloom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Potting bench</span>

A potting bench or gardening table is a kind of workbench used for small gardening tasks such as transplanting seedlings. A basic potting bench has a work surface at bench height, comfortable for a standing person; and storage for potting soil, pots, and tools. The same furniture is often also used to display potted plants, even indoors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Folding table</span> Portable furniture

A folding table is a type of folding furniture, a table with legs that fold up against the table top. This is intended to make storage more convenient and to make the table more portable. Many folding tables are made of lightweight materials to further increase portability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metal furniture</span> Furniture that uses metal parts in its construction

Metal furniture is furniture made with metal parts: iron, carbon steel, aluminium, brass and stainless steel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conservation and restoration of clocks</span> Preservation of tangible objects

The conservation and restoration of clocks refers to the care given to the physical and functional aspects of time measuring devices featuring "moving hands on a dial face" exclusive of watches. Care for clocks constitutes regulating the external environment, cleaning, winding, lubrication, pest-management, and repairing or replacing mechanical and aesthetic components to preserve or achieve the desired state as specified by the owner. Clocks are typically composed of multiple types of materials such as wood, metal, paint, plastic, etc., which have unique behaviors and environmental interactions, making treatment options complex. The materials used and the complexity of clockwork warrant having a Horological Conservator complete the work.

The conservation and restoration of outdoor murals is the process of caring for and maintaining murals, and includes documentation, examination, research, and treatment to insure their long-term viability, when desired.

References

  1. ↑ Passmore, Augustine C. (1904). Handbook of Technical Terms Used in Architecture and Building and Their Allied Trades and Subjects. Scott, Greenwood, and Company. p.  42.
  2. ↑ Killen (2017). Ancient Egyptian Furniture Volume I: 4000 – 1300 BC. Oxbow Books. ISBN   978-1-78570-484-0.
  3. ↑ Saad, Zaky (1957). Ceiling Stelae in Second Dynasty Tombs.
  4. ↑ "furniture - Middle Ages | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  5. ↑ Odom, W. M. (1923). A History of Italian Furniture from the Fourteenth to the Early Nineteenth Centuries. New York: Doubleday Page & Company. ISBN   9781273368660.
  6. ↑ Meyer, F. S. (1917). A Handbook of Ornament. New York: The architectural book publishing company. ISBN   9780486203027.
  7. ↑ "pew | furniture | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  8. ↑ Hogue, Martin (May 2018). "An Illustrated History of the Picnic Table". Places Journal (2018). doi: 10.22269/180522 .
  9. ↑ Smardzewski, Jerzy (2015). Furniture Design. Switzerland: Springer, Cham. ISBN   978-3-319-19532-2.
  10. ↑ Bessin, R (2018). "Wood Preservative Pesticides".
  11. ↑ "Church Vandalism on the Rise Nationwide, PA Church Defaced with '666' Messaging". CBN News. 2021-12-08. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
  12. ↑ Özen, Ramazan. "Wood as a Building Material; It's Benefits and Disadvantages".
  13. ↑ "The Materials of Furniture: Wood or Metal?". Journal of Design History. 3 (2/3): 162–165. 1990. JSTOR   1315685.
  14. ↑ Gao, F (2002). Handbook of plastics recycling. Shrewsbury UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 441. ISBN   1-85957-325-8.
  15. ↑ Samdahl, & Christensen, H. H. "Environmental Cues and Vandalism: An Exploratory Study of Picnic Table Carving". Environment and Behavior. 17 (4): 445–458. doi:10.1177/0013916585174002. S2CID   141497588.
  16. ↑ Gau, Jacinta. "Broken Windows Theory". Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory. 2: 1018–1022.
  17. ↑ Harris, N., Davis, C., Goldman, E., Petersen, R., Gibbes, S. "Comparing global and national approaches to estimating deforestation rates in REDD+ countries" (PDF). World Resources Institute: 7–14.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Vidal, John (26 May 2013). "The Sumatran rainforest will mostly disappear within 20 years". The Guardians.
  19. ↑ "Litter and Animals - Preventing Injury from Rubbish | RSPCA". www.rspca.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.