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Juvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is the act of participating in unlawful behavior as a minor or individual younger than the statutory age of majority. In the United States of America, a juvenile delinquent is a person who commits a crime and is under a specific age. Most states specify a juvenile delinquent as an individual under 18 years of age while a few states have set the maximum age slightly different. In 2021, Michigan, New York, and Vermont raised the maximum age to under 19, and Vermont law was updated again in 2022 to include individuals under the age of 20. Only three states, Georgia, Texas, and Wisconsin still appropriate the age of a juvenile delinquent as someone under the age of 17. While the maximum age in some US states has increased, Japan has lowered the juvenile delinquent age from under 20 to under 18. This change occurred on April 1, 2022 when the Japanese Diet activated a law lowering the age of minor status in the country. Just as there are differences in the maximum age of a juvenile delinquent, the minimum age for a child to be considered capable of delinquency or the age of criminal responsibility varies considerably between the states. Some states that impose a minimum age have made recent amendments to raise the minimum age, but most states remain ambiguous on the minimum age for a child to be determined a juvenile delinquent. In 2021, North Carolina changed the minimum age from 6 years old to 10 years old while Connecticut moved from 7 to 10 and New York made an adjustment from 7 to 12. In some states the minimum age depends on the seriousness of the crime committed. Juvenile delinquents or juvenile offenders commit crimes ranging from status offenses such as, truancy, violating a curfew or underage drinking and smoking to more serious offenses categorized as property crimes, violent crimes, sexual offenses, and cybercrimes.
Hunts Point is a neighborhood located on a peninsula in the South Bronx of New York City. It is the location of one of the largest food distribution facilities in the world, the Hunts Point Cooperative Market. Its boundaries are the Bruckner Expressway to the west and north, the Bronx River to the east, and the East River to the south. Hunts Point Avenue is the primary street through Hunts Point.
In criminal justice systems a youth detention center, known as a juvenile detention center (JDC), juvenile detention, juvenile hall, or more colloquially as juvie/juvy, also sometimes referred as observation home or remand home is a prison for people under the age of 21, often termed, to which they have been sentenced and committed for a period of time, or detained on a short-term basis while awaiting trial or placement in a long-term care program. Juveniles go through a separate court system, the juvenile court, which sentences or commits juveniles to a certain program or facility.
The American juvenile justice system is the primary system used to handle minors who are convicted of criminal offenses. The system is composed of a federal and many separate state, territorial, and local jurisdictions, with states and the federal government sharing sovereign police power under the common authority of the United States Constitution. The juvenile justice system intervenes in delinquent behavior through police, court, and correctional involvement, with the goal of rehabilitation. Youth and their guardians can face a variety of consequences including probation, community service, youth court, youth incarceration and alternative schooling. The juvenile justice system, similar to the adult system, operates from a belief that intervening early in delinquent behavior will deter adolescents from engaging in criminal behavior as adults.
The GEO Group, Inc. (GEO) is a publicly traded C corporation that invests in private prisons and mental health facilities in North America, Australia, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. Headquartered in Boca Raton, Florida, the company's facilities include illegal immigration detention centers, minimum security detention centers, and mental-health and residential-treatment facilities. It also operates government-owned facilities pursuant to management contracts. As of December 31, 2021, the company managed and/or owned 86,000 beds at 106 facilities. In 2019, agencies of the federal government of the United States generated 53% of the company's revenues. Up until 2021 the company was designated as a real estate investment trust, at which time the board of directors elected to reclassify as a C corporation under the stated goal of reducing the company's debt.
The New York State Office of Children and Family Services (OCFS) is an agency of the New York state government within the Department of Family Assistance. The office has its headquarters in the Capital View Office Park in Rensselaer.
The Pennsylvania Department of Human Services is a cabinet-level state agency in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Department of Human Services’s seven program offices administer services that provide care and support to Pennsylvania's most vulnerable citizens. These services include eligibility and benefits determination, foster care, juvenile justice, early childhood development, services for persons with developmental disabilities, autism services, long term living programs, management of state psychiatric hospitals, and management of the Medical Assistance physical and behavioral health care programs. The Department consists of executive offices and seven program offices that include:
The United States incarcerates more of its youth than any other country in the world through the juvenile courts and the adult criminal justice system, which reflects the larger trends in incarceration practices in the United States. In 2010, approximately 70,800 juveniles were incarcerated in youth detention facilities alone. As of 2006, approximately 500,000 youth were brought to detention centers in a given year. This data does not reflect juveniles tried as adults. As of 2013, around 40% were incarcerated in privatized, for-profit facilities.
The San Bernardino County Probation Department serves San Bernardino County, California, which is geographically the largest county in the lower 48 states. The Probation Department supervises juvenile and adult probationers. The department operates two juvenile hall facilities, provides recommendations to the court, and has numerous specialized units to serve the citizens and courts of San Bernardino County.
The New York City Department of Juvenile Justice was the department of the government of New York City that provided secure and non-secure pre-conviction detention facilities for youths aged between 7 and 16. On December 7, 2010 Mayor Michael Bloomberg signed legislation officially merging the Department of Juvenile Justice into the Administration for Children's Services.
The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice (FDJJ) is a state agency of Florida that operates juvenile detention centers. Its headquarters are in the Knight Building in Tallahassee.
The Louisiana Office of Juvenile Justice (OJJ) is a cabinet-level Louisiana state agency that provides youth corrections services in the state.
The Virginia Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) is a state agency of Virginia, headquartered on the twentieth floor of the 600 East Main Street building in Richmond. The DJJ operates juvenile correctional facilities.
The Maryland Department of Juvenile Services (DJS) is a state agency of Maryland, headquartered in One Center Plaza, Downtown Baltimore. DJS operates juvenile correctional facilities.
The Tennessee Department of Children's Services (TDCS) is a state agency of Tennessee that operates services for children and youth. The agency has its headquarters on the 7th floor of the Cordell Hull Building in Nashville.
The Connecticut Department of Children and Families (DCF) is a state agency of Connecticut providing family services. Its headquarters is in Hartford.
The Massachusetts Department of Youth Services (DYS) is a state agency of Massachusetts. Its Administrative Office is headquartered in 600 Washington Street Boston. The agency operates the state's juvenile justice services.
The Delaware Department of Services for Children, Youth, and Their Families (DSCYF) is a state agency of Delaware. It has its headquarters in the Delaware Youth and Family Center (DYFC), located in unincorporated New Castle County, near Wilmington.
The Texas Juvenile Justice Department (TJJD) is a state agency in Texas, headquartered in the Braker H Complex in Austin.
The New York City Administration for Children's Services (ACS) is a New York City government agency that protects and promotes safety and well-being of New York City's children and families by providing child welfare, juvenile justice, and early care and education services.
References
- ↑ "History of Berkshire Farm Center | Berkshire Farm Center and Services for Youth". Berkshirefarm.org. Archived from the original on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
- ↑ "Berkshire Farm Center and Services for Youth:Approved SES Providers:NCLB::NYSED". P12.nysed.gov. 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
- ↑ "Secure Detention | Berkshire Farm Center and Services for Youth". Berkshirefarm.org. Archived from the original on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
- ↑ "Contact Us | Berkshire Farm Center and Services for Youth". Berkshirefarm.org. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
- ↑ "66673 ACSGuide" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-16. Retrieved 2014-02-18.
