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Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and drainage basin sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is called a hydrologist. Hydrologists are scientists studying earth or environmental science, civil or environmental engineering, and physical geography. Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.
Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily available fresh water in the world is groundwater. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from the surface; it may discharge from the surface naturally at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.
Hydrogeology is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust. The terms groundwater hydrology, geohydrology, and hydrogeology are often used interchangeably, though hydrogeology is the most commonly used.
Blackwater in a sanitation context denotes wastewater from toilets which likely contains pathogens that may spread by the fecal–oral route. Blackwater can contain feces, urine, water and toilet paper from flush toilets. Blackwater is distinguished from greywater, which comes from sinks, baths, washing machines, and other household appliances apart from toilets. Greywater results from washing food, clothing, dishes, as well as from showering or bathing.
A dense non-aqueous phase liquid or DNAPL is a denser-than-water NAPL, i.e. a liquid that is both denser than water and is immiscible in or does not dissolve in water.
Groundwater remediation is the process that is used to treat polluted groundwater by removing the pollutants or converting them into harmless products. Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's drinking water is drawn from boreholes and dug wells. Groundwater is also used by farmers to irrigate crops and by industries to produce everyday goods. Most groundwater is clean, but groundwater can become polluted, or contaminated as a result of human activities or as a result of natural conditions.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology:
Linda Marie Abriola is an American environmental and civil engineer who specializes in the study of organic chemical liquid contaminants in porous media. She is currently the Joan Wernig and E. Paul Sorensen Professor of Engineering at the Brown University School of Engineering.
Hydrogeophysics is a cross-disciplinary area of research that uses geophysics to determine parameters and monitor processes for hydrological studies of matters such as water resources, contamination, and ecological studies. The field uses knowledge and researchers from geology, hydrology, physics, geophysics, engineering, statistics, and rock physics. It uses geophysics to provide quantitative information about hydrogeological parameters, using minimally invasive methods. Hydrogeophysics differs from geophysics in its specific uses and methods. Although geophysical knowledge and methods have existed and grown over the last half century for applications in mining and petroleum industries, hydrogeological study sites have different subsurface conditions than those industries. Thus, the geophysical methods for mapping subsurface properties combine with hydrogeology to use proper, accurate methods to map shallow hydrological study sites.
Groundwater pollution occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way into groundwater. This type of water pollution can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant, or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather than pollution. Groundwater pollution can occur from on-site sanitation systems, landfill leachate, effluent from wastewater treatment plants, leaking sewers, petrol filling stations, hydraulic fracturing (fracking) or from over application of fertilizers in agriculture. Pollution can also occur from naturally occurring contaminants, such as arsenic or fluoride. Using polluted groundwater causes hazards to public health through poisoning or the spread of disease.
Non-aqueous phase liquids, or NAPLs, are organic liquid contaminants characterized by their relative immiscibility with water. Common examples of NAPLs are petroleum products, coal tars, chlorinated solvents, and pesticides. Strategies employed for their removal from the subsurface environment have expanded since the late-20th century.
Lynn Walter Gelhar is an American civil engineer focusing in hydrology and is currently Professor Emeritus at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is recognized for pioneering research in stochastic subsurface hydrology, has leading research in the area of field-scale contaminant transport experiments, and has extensive experience on the hydrologic aspects of nuclear waste disposal.
Jean Marie Bahr is a hydrogeologist who examines how the physical and chemical composition of groundwater and how that controls the mass transportation of groundwater. She currently is an Emeritus Professor at the University of Wisconsin Madison in the department of geosciences.
Shirley Jean Dreiss (1949–1993) was an American scientist working in the fields of hydrology and hydrogeology. After gaining her PhD from Stanford University, she joined the faculty of the University of California at Santa Cruz, where she became Professor and Chair of the Department of Earth Sciences. She made important contributions to the understanding of water flow through karst aquifers and fluid flow in subduction zones. At the time of her early death in a car accident, she was studying the groundwater system of Mono Lake in California. She was awarded the Birdsall Distinguished Lectureship from the Geological Society of America, which was renamed the Birdsall-Dreiss Distinguished Lectureship after her death.
Holly Michael is an American hydrogeologist and Associate Professor of geology at the University of Delaware's College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment.
Audrey Hucks Sawyer is an American hydrogeologist and Assistant Professor of Earth Science at Ohio State University. Her work has focused on quantifying the role of groundwater - surface water interactions in transporting nutrients, contaminants, and heat in rivers and coastal settings. Sawyer has won multiple awards, including the National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2018 and the Kohout Early Career Award in 2016.
Bridget R. Scanlon is an Irish and American hydrogeologist known for her work on groundwater depletion and groundwater recharging, and of the effects of climate change and land usage patterns on groundwater. She is a senior research scientist in the Bureau of Economic Geology at the University of Texas at Austin, where she is head of the Sustainable Water Resources Program. Her research has included the use of GRACE satellite data to compare drought conditions in Texas and California.
Donald Ira Siegel is the emeritus Laura J. and L. Douglas Meredith Professor in the department of Earth Science at Syracuse University. He served as the president of the Geological Society of America from July 2019 until June 2020. Siegel is known for his work in wetland geochemistry and hydrogeology.
Karen H. Johannesson is an American geochemist and professor in the School for the Environment at the University of Massachusetts Boston and the Intercampus Marine Sciences Graduate Program of the University of Massachusetts System. She teaches geochemistry and has expertise in environmental geochemistry, biogeochemistry, trace element speciation, geochemical modeling, chemical hydrogeology, reaction path and reactive transport modeling.
Herman Bouwer (1927–2013) was a hydrological scientist who worked in groundwater hydrology and water resources management, with a specialization in the area of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR). He was born in the Netherlands and moved to the United States in 1952 to study for his PhD at Cornell University. He went on to work at the U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, serving as director from 1972 to 1990. His research efforts on characterizing and modeling the movement of water and pollutants in the vadose zone and groundwater resulted in field and analytical methods that are used in the groundwater sciences. He authored or co-authored over 300 publications and wrote the textbook Groundwater Hydrology.
References
- 1 2 "The Canadian Academy of Engineering / L'Académie canadienne du génie" . Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- ↑ "Beth Parker" . Retrieved 2023-10-05– via LinkedIn.
- ↑ solinst (2010-12-06). "High Resolution Multi-level Monitoring for Bedrock Aquifers". On The Level Blog. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
- ↑ "Beth Parker". CCA Reports. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
- 1 2 "Dr. Beth Parker" (PDF). The University Consortium. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
- ↑ Parker, Beth (1996). Effects of molecular diffusion on the persistence of dense, immiscible phase organic liquids in fractured porous geologic media (Thesis).
- ↑ "AGU - American Geophysical Union". www.agu.org. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- 1 2 "Parker". Honors Program. Retrieved 2021-09-06.
- ↑ "About Morwick G360". Morwick G360 Groundwater Research Institute. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- ↑ "Morwick G360 Groundwater Research Institute". Morwick G360 Groundwater Research Institute. 2024-10-23. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
- ↑ www.uoguelph.ca https://www.uoguelph.ca/ . Retrieved 2024-11-24.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ "Diffusion", Wikipedia, 2024-11-21, retrieved 2024-11-24
- ↑ "Aquifer", Wikipedia, 2024-11-06, retrieved 2024-11-24
- ↑ "Hydrogeology", Wikipedia, 2024-09-18, retrieved 2024-11-24
- ↑ "Council of Canadian Academies | CCA". CCA Reports. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
- ↑ "Environmental Sciences and Engineering". Matrix Solutions Inc. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
- ↑ "Dr. Beth Parker". Morwick G360 Groundwater Research Institute. 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
- ↑ "Beth Parker". scholar.google.ca. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
- ↑ "Beth Parker". May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
- ↑ "John Hem Award for Excellence in Science & Engineering recipients". Default. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
- ↑ "M. King Hubbert Award recipients". Default. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
- ↑ "Tage Erlander visiting professorship". www.vr.se. 2020-06-16. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- ↑ "International Association of Hydrogeologists - Canadian National Chapter". www.iahcnc.ca. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- ↑ "O.E. Meinzer winners - Hydrogeology Division". community.geosociety.org. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- ↑ Government of Canada, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (2023-11-01). "Beth Parker - Synergy Award for Innovation - NSERC". Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Retrieved 2024-11-23.
