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The Yellow Turban Rebellion,alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion,was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in 184 CE,during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 CE,it took 21 years for full suppression of resistant areas and emerging rebellions by 205 CE. The weakening of the imperial court and the rising political influence of ultra-autonomous regional military-governors,who helped suppress the rebellion,eventually led to rampant warlord dominance and the resultant Three Kingdoms period.
Emperor Ling of Han,personal name Liu Hong,was the 12th emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty. He was also the last Eastern Han emperor to exercise effective power during his reign. Born the son of a lesser marquis who descended directly from Emperor Zhang,Liu Hong was chosen to be emperor in February 168 around age 12 after the death of his predecessor,Emperor Huan,who had no son to succeed him. He reigned for about 21 years until his death in May 189.
Emperor Xian of Han,personal name Liu Xie (劉協),courtesy name Bohe,was the 14th and last emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. He reigned from 28 September 189 until 11 December 220.
Zhang Jue was a Chinese military general and rebel. He was the leader of the Yellow Turban Rebellion during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was said to be a follower of Taoism and a sorcerer. His name is sometimes read as Zhang Jiao,since the Chinese character of Zhang's given name can be read as either "Jiao" or "Jue". "Jue" is the traditional or literary reading,while "Jiao" is the modern or colloquial one.
Ma Teng,courtesy name Shoucheng,was a Chinese military general and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He controlled Liang Province with another warlord,Han Sui. Ma Teng and Han Sui were involved in efforts to gain autonomy from the Han central government.
Li Ru (fl.180–192),courtesy name Wenyou,was an official serving under the warlord Dong Zhuo during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Gao Conghui,might have been born with or used the name Zhu Conghui (朱從誨),also known by his posthumous name as the Prince Wenxian of Nanping (南平文獻王),courtesy name Zunsheng (遵聖),was a ruler of Jingnan during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China,reigning from 929 to 948.
The Battle of Yijing was a military conflict which took place in northern China from 198 to 199 in the late Eastern Han dynasty. It was fought between Gongsun Zan,a warlord known as the "White Horse General",and Yuan Shao,a scion of the esteemed Yuan clan and former leader of the coalition against Dong Zhuo.
Li Jing,originally Xu Jingtong (徐景通),briefly Xu Jing (徐璟) in 937–939,courtesy name Boyu (伯玉),also known by his temple name as the Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang (南唐元宗),also known in historiography as the Middle Lord of Southern Tang (南唐中主),was the second and penultimate monarch of China's Southern Tang dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He reigned his state from 943 until his death.
Feng Dao,courtesy name Kedao (可道),also known by his Later Zhou-bestowed posthumous name Prince Wenyi of Ying (瀛文懿王),was a Chinese inventor,printer,and politician. He was a government official during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period,who served,in chronological order,the Jie Yan,Later Tang,Later Jin,Liao,Later Han,and Later Zhou dynasties. He was chancellor of the Later Tang,Later Jin,and Later Zhou dynasties.
Li Zhongchen,néDong Qin (董秦),was a general of the Chinese Tang dynasty. He was known as both a supporter of the imperial cause but also a corrupt and violent military governor (Jiedushi). He was later expelled by his own army and,because of his service to imperial causes,kept by Emperor Daizong and Emperor Dezong as an official at the Tang capital Chang'an. In 783,he joined Zhu Ci's rebel Qin state,and after Zhu's defeat in 784 was captured and executed.
Li Xilie was a Chinese military general,monarch,and politician of the medieval Tang dynasty who,believing himself to be strong enough to claim imperial title,did so as the emperor of a new state of Chu. His efforts to expand Chu was repeatedly thwarted by generals loyal to Tang,however,and in 786,after he grew ill,he was killed with poison by his general Chen Xianqi.
Han Huang,courtesy name Taichong (太沖),formally Duke Zhongsu of Jin (晉忠肅公),was a Chinese economist and politician of the Tang dynasty,serving as a chancellor during the reign of the Emperor Dezong. He was praised by traditional historians for his frugality and personal integrity,but blamed for being overly harsh and cruel in his governance.
The Liang Province rebellion from 184 to 189 started as an insurrection of the Qiang peoples against the Han dynasty in the western province of Liang in the second century AD in China,but the Lesser Yuezhi and sympathetic Han rebels soon joined the cause to wrestle control of the province away from central authority. This rebellion,which closely followed the Yellow Turban Rebellion,was part of a series of disturbances that led to the decline and ultimate downfall of the Han dynasty. Despite receiving relatively little attention in the hands of traditional historians,the rebellion nonetheless had lasting importance as it weakened Han Chinese power in the northwest and prepared that land for a number of non-Han-ruled states in the centuries to come.
Kong Xun,known early in his life as Zhao Yinheng (趙殷衡),also having used surnames of Li (李) and Zhu (朱) early in life,was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period states Later Liang and Later Tang. He became prominent during the reign of Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang due to his alliance with Emperor Mingzong's trusted advisor An Chonghui,but later had a fallout with An,was ejected from the central government,and would not return to it toward the end of his life.
Zhu Yougui,nickname Yaoxi (遙喜),often known by his princely title Prince of Ying (郢王),was briefly an emperor of the Chinese Later Liang dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He became emperor after assassinating his father,the founding emperor Emperor Taizu. Several months later,after facing a rebellion led by his brother Zhu Youzhen,the Prince of Jun and cousin Yuan Xiangxian,he committed suicide.
Lu Wenjin (盧文進),courtesy name Guoyong (國用) or Dayong (大用),formally the Prince of Fanyang (范陽王),was a general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period states Yan,Jin,Jin's successor state Later Tang,Wu,and Wu's successor state Southern Tang,as well as the Khitan Empire. He had,early in his career,defected to Khitan and was instrumental in building Khitan's strategies of periodic incursions into Chinese territory,but later redefected to Later Tang. When Later Tang was overthrown by the Khitan-supported Later Jin,Lu,in fear,fled to Wu,and remained at Wu and then Southern Tang for the rest of his life.
Zhang Li,courtesy name Mengchen (夢臣),was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Later Tang,as well as the Khitan state Liao.
Zhang Yuxian (張遇賢),(also known by his self-claimed title of "King of the Eight Kingdoms of Middle Heaven",was an agrarian and religious rebel leader of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period,who first rose against Southern Han and whose forces eventually battled and were defeated by the armies of Southern Tang,Southern Han's northern neighbor. After his defeat,his general Li Tai arrested him and delivered him to the Southern Tang army to be executed.
Bian Hao (邊鎬),nickname Kangle (康樂),was a general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Southern Tang. Early in his career,he distinguished himself in campaigns against the agrarian army leader Zhang Yuxian and against Southern Tang's southeastern neighbor Min. Later,during Chu's collapse due to civil war,Bian was able to enter its territory and,for some time,secured the nominal submission of all of its territory for his emperor Li Jing. However,he was unable to deal with subsequent uprisings in the Chu realm and had to abandon it,causing him to be exiled for some time. He also fared poorly when later returned to the army,as he was defeated and captured by Later Zhou forces when Later Zhou invaded Southern Tang and eventually forced its submission as a vassal. After he was returned to Southern Tang,he had no further army commissions.
References
- Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian .