Diagnosis
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| Biemond syndrome | |
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| Other names | Brachydactyly–nystagmus–cerebellar ataxia syndrome |
Biemond syndrome is a genetic disorder characterised by brachydactyly, nystagmus, strabismus, cerebellar ataxia and intellectual disability.
The family described by Biemond had a few members across four generations who had brachydactyly (due to one short metacarpal and metatarsal), nystagmus, strabismus, cerebellar ataxia and intellectual disability. Some of the members did not have the full syndrome. [1]
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| | This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018) |
It was first described in 1934 by Dutch neurologist Arie Biemond (1902–1973). It has not been described since. [1] [2]
Aniridia is the absence of the iris, a muscular structure that opens and closes the pupil to allow light into the eye. It is also responsible for eye color. Without it, the central eye appears all black. It can be congenital, in which both eyes are usually involved, or caused by a penetrant injury. Isolated aniridia is a congenital disorder that is not limited to a defect in iris development, but is a panocular condition with macular and optic nerve hypoplasia, cataract, and corneal changes. Vision may be severely compromised and the disorder is frequently associated with some ocular complications: nystagmus, amblyopia, buphthalmos, and cataract. Aniridia in some individuals occurs as part of a syndrome, such as WAGR syndrome, or Gillespie syndrome.
Laurence–Moon syndrome (LMS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with retinitis pigmentosa, spastic paraplegia, and mental disabilities.
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) is a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with a broad variety of tumors including lung cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, Hodgkin’s lymphoma and others. PCD is a rare condition that occurs in less than 1% of cancer patients.
Uner Tan syndrome (UTS) is a syndrome that was discovered by the Turkish evolutionary biologist Üner Tan. People affected by UTS walk with a quadrupedal locomotion and often have severe learning disabilities. Tan postulated that this is an example of "reverse evolution" (atavism). The proposed syndrome was featured in the 2006 BBC2 documentary The Family That Walks On All Fours.
Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome (MSS), sometimes spelled Marinescu–Sjögren syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder.
Gillespie syndrome, also called aniridia, cerebellar ataxia and mental deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder. The disorder is characterized by partial aniridia, ataxia, and, in most cases, intellectual disability. It is heterogeneous, inherited in either an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. Gillespie syndrome was first described by American ophthalmologist Fredrick Gillespie in 1965.
Vestibulocerebellar syndrome, also known as vestibulocerebellar ataxia, is a progressive neurological disorder that causes a variety of medical problems. Initially symptoms present as periodic attacks of abnormal eye movements but may intensify to longer-lasting motor incapacity. The disorder has been localized to the vestibulocerebellum, specifically the flocculonodular lobe. Symptoms of vestibulocerebellar syndrome may appear in early childhood but the full onset of neurological symptoms including nystagmus, ataxia, and tinnitus does not occur until early adulthood. To date, vestibulocerebellar syndrome has only been identified in three families but has affected multiple generations within them. Based on the familial pedigrees it has been characterized as an autosomal dominant disorder, although the exact genetic locus has not been identified. It has been found to be genetically distinct from other seemingly similar forms of neurological syndromes such as episodic ataxia types 1 and 2. Due to its rarity, however, little is known about specific details of the pathology or long-term treatment options. There is currently no cure for vestibulocerebellar syndrome, although some drug therapies have been effective in alleviating particular symptoms of the disorder.
Spastic ataxia-corneal dystrophy syndrome is an autosomally resessive disease. It has been found in an inbred Bedouin family. It was first described in 1986. A member of the family who was first diagnosed with this disease also had Bartter syndrome. It was concluded by its first descriptors Mousa-Al et al. that the disease is different from a disease known as corneal-cerebellar syndrome that had been found in 1985.
Corneal-cerebellar syndrome is an autosomally recessive disease that was first described in 1985. Three cases are known: all are sisters in the same family.
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia describes a heterogeneous group of rare genetic disorders with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and a clinical phenotype involving cerebellar ataxia.
Bosch-Boonstra-Schaaf optic atrophy syndrome is a rare autosomally inherited condition characterised by developmental delay, intellectual disability and decreased visual acuity.
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy (ADCADN) is a rare progressive genetic disorder that primarily affects the nervous system and is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, narcolepsy with cataplexy, and dementia later in life. People with this disorder usually start showing symptoms when they are in their early-mid adulthoods. It is a type of autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia.
Thumb stiffness-brachydactyly-intellectual disability syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by thumb ankylosis due to symphalangism, brachydactyly type A, intellectual disabilities, mild facial dysmorphia and variable levels of obesity.
Cataract-ataxia-deafness syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by mild intellectual disabilities, congenital cataracts, progressive hearing loss, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and short height. Only two cases have been reported in medical literature.
Proud syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by severe intellectual disabilities, corpus callosum agenesis, epilepsy, and spasticity. It is a type of syndromic X-linked intellectual disability.
CHAMP1-associated intellectual disability syndrome, also known as autosomal dominant intellectual disability type 40, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, facial dysmorphisms, and other anomalies.
CAPOS syndrome is a rare genetic neurological disorder which is characterized by abnormalities of the feet, eyes and brain which affect their normal function. These symptoms occur episodically when a fever-related infection is present within the body. The name is an acronym for "cerebellar ataxia, areflexia, pes cavus, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss".
Coloboma of macula-brachydactyly type B syndrome, also known as Sorbsy syndrome is a rare genetic disorder which is characterized by bilateral macular coloboma, nystagmus of the horizontal pendular type, visual impairment, and brachydactyly type B. Additional findings include congenital anonychia, broad/duplication of the thumbs and big toes, syndactyly and camptodactyly. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. It has been described in 9 members of a 4-generation British family.
Brachydactyly-preaxial hallux varus syndrome, also known as 'Christian brachydactyly, is a rare congenital and genetic limb malformation syndrome which is characterized by hallux varus, brachydactyly type D and Morton's toe, alongside the adduction of said digits. Intellectual disabilities have also been reported. 10 cases have been described in medical literature.
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