 | This article is written like a research paper or scientific journal that may use overly technical terms or may not be written like an encyclopedic article.(November 2016) |
| This article is written like a research paper or scientific journal that may use overly technical terms or may not be written like an encyclopedic article.(November 2016) |
(maize gene reviews submitted to the Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter as a way to enable community curation of MaizeGDB are being moved, 2013-14, with author permissions to the wikipedia, and will be grouped to the wiki page maize genes. The initial summary statements for each gene have been previously included in MaizeGDB)
Function. Regulation of auxin transport during axillary Meristem and lateral organ initiation.
Summary [1] The bif2 mutation affects all axillary meristems in the plant. The tassel has fewer branches, spikelets, florets and floral organs (McSteen and Hake 2001). [2] The ear shoot, if it forms, has very few kernels. The mutant plants also have defects in vegetative development as they make fewer tillers (in a tb1 mutant background) and make one or two fewer leaves than normal. The bif2 gene encodes a serine threonine protein kinase (McSteen et al 2007) [3] that phosphorylates auxin efflux carrier ZmPIN1a (Skirpan et al 2008) [4] and BHLH transcription factor BARREN STALK1 (Skirpan et al 2008). [4] Natural variation in bif2 alleles are associated with tassel branch number and plant height (Pressoir et al 2009). [5]
First report. Briggs and Johal 1992 [6]
Chromosome Location Based on B-A chromosomal translocation data and tight linkage to the RFLP marker umc67a (McSteen and Hake 2001) [2] and the 2010 B73_v2 maize reference genome sequence assembly. [7] Genetically mapped SNPs near the gene include rs131816257, rs131816315, and rs131816316.
Phenotypes Mutations in the gene produce plants where tassels, or male inflorescences have fewer branches, spikelets, florets and floral organs. The ear shoot or female inflorescence, if it forms, has very few kernels. Natural variations of the bif2 gene have been found to affect tassel branch number and plant height (Pressoir et al 2009) [5]
Gene Product Serine/threonine protein kinase that phosphorylates the PIN1a (Skirpan et al 2009) [8] and BA2 proteins in vitro. [8]
The meristem is a type of tissue found in plants. It consists of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division. Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants. These cells continue to divide until a time when they get differentiated and then lose the ability to divide.
Auxins are a class of plant hormones with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins play a cardinal role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycles and are essential for plant body development. The Dutch biologist Frits Warmolt Went first described auxins and their role in plant growth in the 1920s. Kenneth V. Thimann became the first to isolate one of these phytohormones and to determine its chemical structure as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Went and Thimann co-authored a book on plant hormones, Phytohormones, in 1937.
Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) are one of many classes of plant proteins known to serve as a medium between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoplasm of cell walls. They are serine-threonine kinases that contain epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats, a cytoplasmic kinase and are located in the cell walls. They provide a linkage between the inner and outer surroundings of cell walls. WAKs are under a group of receptor-like kinases (RLK) that are actively involved in sensory and signal transduction pathways especially in response to foreign attacks by pathogens and in cell development. On the other hand, pectins are an abundant group of complex carbohydrates present in the primary cell wall that play roles in cell growth and development, protection, plant structure and water holding capacity.
Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers; plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant always has embryonic tissues. By contrast, an animal embryo will very early produce all of the body parts that it will ever have in its life. When the animal is born, it has all its body parts and from that point will only grow larger and more mature. However, both plants and animals pass through a phylotypic stage that evolved independently and that causes a developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification.
In enzymology, a polo kinase is a kinase enzyme i.e. one that catalyzes the chemical reaction
MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MKNK1 gene.
PAS domain-containing serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PASK gene.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 38 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK38 gene.
Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASTK gene.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 38-like is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK38L gene.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK10 gene.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 19 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK19 gene.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SGK2 gene.
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 40 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STK40 gene.
Microtubule-associated serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAST1 gene.
Nested association mapping (NAM) is a technique designed by the labs of Edward Buckler, James Holland, and Michael McMullen for identifying and dissecting the genetic architecture of complex traits in corn. It is important to note that nested association mapping is a specific technique that cannot be performed outside of a specifically designed population such as the Maize NAM population, the details of which are described below.
L-tryptophan—pyruvate aminotransferase is an enzyme with systematic name L-tryptophan:pyruvate aminotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Function Maize gene for first step in biosynthesis of benzoxazin, which aids in resistance to insect pests, pathogenic fungi and bacteria.
Sarah Hake is an American plant developmental biologist who directs the USDA's Plant Gene Expression Center in Albany, CA. In 2009 she was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and elected member of the National Academy of Sciences.
Paula McSteen is a scientist known for her research on plant genetics. In 2020 she was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.