The Black Death was present in Denmark between 1348 and 1350. [1] The Black Death in Denmark is the least of from all the Nordic countries with the exception of Finland.
The Black Death was present in Denmark between 1348 and 1350. [1] The Black Death in Denmark is the least of from all the Nordic countries with the exception of Finland.
Prior to the Black Death, Denmark was the smallest of the Nordic countries, but it had the largest population, between 750.000 and one million people. [1]
Since the outbreak of the Black Death at the Crimea, it had reached Sicily by an Italian ship from the Crimea. After having spread across the Italian states, and from Italy to France from France to England, the plague reached Norway by a ship from England in 1349. In parallel, it was migrating North toward Denmark from Germany in the Holy Roman Empire. [1]
According to traditional legend, the Black Death came to Denmark when a Norwegian plague ship from England stranded on Vendsyssel on Northern Jylland after all of its crew had died. [1] The plague years for Denmark are traditionally attributed as 1348–1349, because the Zealand Chronicle recorded these years as the plague years. [1]
Whether the story of the plague ship is accurate is impossible to know, but the dates are not considered probable in modern research. [1] The Zealand Chronicle was written over ten years later and may have gotten the dates wrong, as they are not supported by other contemporary traces of the Black Death. [1] The Chronicle of the Archbishop of Lund as well as the Annales Scanici from Scania both date the year of the Black Death as 1350. [1] In contrast to the Zealand Chronicle they are contemporary, and it is not likely that the Black Death could have arrived to such a small country as Denmark in 1348 and took two years to progress through it. [1]
There are no contemporary witness statements from the Black Death in Denmark, but it is possible to trace the plague migration indirectly through donations, wills and occasional death lists, and according to these, the Black Death was present in Ribe on Jylland in July–October 1350, in Roskilde on Zealand in September–October, in Copenhagen in August–September and in Scania in July–December. [2]
The death toll is not possible to estimate. It is clear that Denmark experienced a demographic shock that took centuries to recover from. This is clearly visible from material during the years after the plague. [2]
Bishop Peter of Ribe mentions in a letter from 1352 that the income from agriculture had deteriorated and that this problem was not likely to become any better any time soon. [1] In 1354, the king pardoned an unusually large number of people from the death penalty with reference to the fact that the population had already diminished too much from the plague. [1]
In many parts of Denmark, the devastation is clear by deserted farms: in 1400, 34 of 48 farms under the Bröndum estate in Himmerland on Jylland was deserted, and in 1427 the region Hasle near Århus gave but a third of the income from agriculture that it had done prior to the Black Death. [1] Many churches were also abandoned during the same time. [2]
The diminishing population caused by the Black Death resulted in the introduction of serfdom in Denmark, the Vornedskab , which was introduced after the Black Death. [3]
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The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic, which reached England in June 1348. It was the first and most severe manifestation of the second pandemic, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. The term Black Death was not used until the late 17th century.
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The Black Death was present in France between 1347 and 1352. The bubonic plague pandemic, known as the Black Death, reached France by ship from Italy to Marseille in November 1347, spread first through Southern France, and then continued outwards to Northern France. Due to the size of the Kingdom of France, the pandemic lasted for several years, as some parts were not affected until the plague was over in others. The Kingdom of France had the largest population of Europe at the time, and the Black Death was a major catastrophe. The Black Death in France was described by eyewitnesses, such as Louis Heyligen, Jean de Venette, and Gilles Li Muisis. The Black Death migrated from Southern France to Spain, from Eastern France to the Holy Roman Empire, and to England by ship from Gascony.
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The Black Death was present in Sweden between 1350 and 1351. It was a major catastrophe which was said to have killed a third of the population, and Sweden was not to recover fully for three hundred years.
The Black Death was present in the states of present-day Spain between 1348 and 1350. In the 14th-century, present-day Spain was composed of the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile and Navarre, and the Emirate of Granada. In the countries on the Iberian Peninsula, the Black Death is well documented and researched in Navarre and particularly in Aragon, but less documented in Castile, Portugal and Granada.
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