Breath-figure self-assembly

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Schematic (bottom) and electron micrographs (top) of the growth of a honeycomb polystyrene film by breath-figure self-assembly. Breath-figure schematic.png
Schematic (bottom) and electron micrographs (top) of the growth of a honeycomb polystyrene film by breath-figure self-assembly.
SEM images of varied patterns created through an adapted breath figure approach. Varied breath figure patterns.png
SEM images of varied patterns created through an adapted breath figure approach.
A water filter membrane prepared by breath-figure self-assembly, viewed at different synthesis steps and magnifications. The membrane material is a mixture of poly(phenylene oxide) and silica nanoparticles. Breath-figure membrane.jpg
A water filter membrane prepared by breath-figure self-assembly, viewed at different synthesis steps and magnifications. The membrane material is a mixture of poly(phenylene oxide) and silica nanoparticles.

Breath-figure self-assembly is the self-assembly process of the formation of honeycomb micro-scaled polymer patterns by the condensation of water droplets. "Breath-figure" refers to the fog that forms when water vapor contacts a cold surface. [1] [2] [3] In the modern era systematic study of the process of breath-figures water condensation was carried out by Aitken [4] [5] and Rayleigh, [6] [7] among others. Half a century later the interest in the breath-figure formation was revived in a view of study of atmospheric processes, and in particular the extended study of a dew formation which turned out to be a complicated physical process. The experimental and theoretical study of dew formation has been carried out by Beysens. [8] [9] [10] Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of dew formation, which are crucial for understanding of formation of breath-figures inspired polymer patterns will be addressed further in detail.

Breakthrough in the application of the breath-figures patterns was achieved in 1994–1995 when Widawski, François and Pitois reported manufacturing of polymer films with a self-organized, micro-scaled, honeycomb morphology using the breath-figures condensation process. [11] [12] The reported process was based on the rapidly evaporated polymer solutions exerted to humidity. [13] [14] [15] The introduction to experimental techniques involved in manufacturing of micropatterned surfaces is supplied in reference 1; image representing typical breath-figures-inspired honeycomb pattern is shown in Figure 1.

The main physical processes involved in the process are: 1) evaporation of the polymer solution; 2) nucleation of water droplets; 3) condensation of water droplets; 4) growth of droplets; 5) evaporation of water; 6) solidification of polymer giving rise to the eventual micro-porous pattern. [16] This experimental technique allows obtaining well-ordered, hierarchical, honeycomb surface patterns. [13] [16] A variety of experimental techniques were successfully exploited for the formation of breath-figures self-assembly induced patterns including drop-casting, dip-coating and spin-coating. [2] [15] Adapted techniques to achieve varied pattern morphologies and hierarchical designs have also been developed. [17] The characteristic dimension of pores is usually close to 1 μm, whereas the characteristic lateral dimension of the large-scale patterns is ca. 10–50 μm. [2]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Rodríguez-Hernández, Juan; Bormashenko, Edward (2020). Breath Figures: Mechanisms of Multi-scale Patterning and Strategies for Fabrication and Applications of Microstructured Functional Porous Surfaces. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51136-4. ISBN   978-3-030-51135-7. S2CID   221372777.
  2. 1 2 3 Yabu, Hiroshi (2018). "Fabrication of honeycomb films by the breath figure technique and their applications". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 19 (1): 802–822. Bibcode:2018STAdM..19..802Y. doi: 10.1080/14686996.2018.1528478 . Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  3. ↑ Zhang, Aijuan; Bai, Hua; Li, Lei (2015). "Breath Figure: A Nature-Inspired Preparation Method for Ordered Porous Films". Chemical Reviews. 115 (18): 9801–9868. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00069. PMID   26284609.
  4. ↑ Aitken, John (1893). "Breath Figures" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 20: 94–97. doi:10.1017/S0370164600048434.
  5. ↑ Aitken, John (1911). "Breath Figures". Nature. 86 (2172): 516–517. Bibcode:1911Natur..86..516A. doi:10.1038/086516a0. S2CID   3984200.
  6. ↑ Rayleigh, Lord (1911). "Breath Figures". Nature. 86 (2169): 416–417. Bibcode:1911Natur..86..416R. doi: 10.1038/086416d0 .
  7. ↑ Rayleigh, Lord (1912). "Breath Figures". Nature. 90 (2251): 436–438. Bibcode:1912Natur..90..436R. doi: 10.1038/090436c0 .
  8. ↑ Beysens, D.; Steyer, A.; Guenoun, P.; Fritter, D.; Knobler, C. M. (1991). "How does dew form?". Phase Transitions. 31 (1–4): 219–246. Bibcode:1991PhaTr..31..219B. doi:10.1080/01411599108206932.
  9. ↑ Beysens, D. (1995). "The formation of dew". Atmospheric Research. 39 (1–3): 215–237. Bibcode:1995AtmRe..39..215B. doi:10.1016/0169-8095(95)00015-j.
  10. ↑ Beysens, Daniel (2006). "Dew nucleation and growth". Comptes Rendus Physique. 7 (9–10): 1082–1100. Bibcode:2006CRPhy...7.1082B. doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2006.10.020.
  11. ↑ Widawski, Gilles; Rawiso, Michel; François, Bernard (1994). "Self-organized honeycomb morphology of star-polymer polystyrene films". Nature. 369 (6479): 387–389. Bibcode:1994Natur.369..387W. doi:10.1038/369387a0. S2CID   4349235.
  12. ↑ François, Bernard; Pitois, Olivier; François, Jeanne (1995). "Polymer films with a self-organized honeycomb morphology". Advanced Materials. 7 (12): 1041–1044. Bibcode:1995AdM.....7.1041F. doi:10.1002/adma.19950071217.
  13. 1 2 Bunz, U. H. F. (2006). "Breath Figures as a Dynamic Templating Method for Polymers and Nanomaterials". Advanced Materials. 18 (8): 973–989. Bibcode:2006AdM....18..973B. doi:10.1002/adma.200501131. S2CID   97676449.
  14. ↑ Muñoz-Bonilla, Alexandra; Fernández-García, Marta; Rodríguez-Hernández, Juan (2014). "Towards hierarchically ordered functional porous polymeric surfaces prepared by the breath figures approach". Progress in Polymer Science. 39 (3): 510–554. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.08.006. hdl: 10261/98768 .
  15. 1 2 Bormashenko, Edward (2017). "Breath-Figure Self-Assembly, a Versatile Method of Manufacturing Membranes and Porous Structures: Physical, Chemical and Technological Aspects". Membranes. 7 (3): 45. doi: 10.3390/membranes7030045 . PMC   5618130 . PMID   28813026.
  16. 1 2 Srinivasarao, Mohan; Collings, David; Philips, Alan; Patel, Sanjay (2001). "Three-Dimensionally Ordered Array of Air Bubbles in a Polymer Film". Science. 292 (5514): 79–83. Bibcode:2001Sci...292...79S. doi:10.1126/science.1057887. PMID   11292866. S2CID   17807475.
  17. ↑ Dent, Francis J.; Harbottle, David; Warren, Nicholas J.; Khodaparast, Sepideh (2023-04-12). "Exploiting breath figure reversibility for in situ pattern modulation and hierarchical design". Soft Matter. 19 (15): 2737–2744. doi: 10.1039/D2SM01650H . ISSN   1744-6848. PMC   10091834 . PMID   36987660.
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