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A zero-emission vehicle, or ZEV, is a vehicle that does not emit exhaust gas or other pollutants from the onboard source of power. The California definition also adds that this includes under any and all possible operational modes and conditions. This is because under cold-start conditions for example, internal combustion engines tend to produce the maximum amount of pollutants. In a number of countries and states, transport is cited as the main source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants. The desire to reduce this is thus politically strong.
A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) or fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is an electric vehicle that uses a fuel cell, sometimes in combination with a small battery or supercapacitor, to power its onboard electric motor. Fuel cells in vehicles generate electricity generally using oxygen from the air and compressed hydrogen. Most fuel cell vehicles are classified as zero-emissions vehicles that emit only water and heat. As compared with internal combustion vehicles, hydrogen vehicles centralize pollutants at the site of the hydrogen production, where hydrogen is typically derived from reformed natural gas. Transporting and storing hydrogen may also create pollutants.
A hydrogen highway is a chain of hydrogen-equipped public filling stations, along a road or highway, that allows hydrogen powered cars to travel. It is an element of the hydrogen infrastructure that is generally assumed to be a pre-requisite for mass utilization of hydrogen cars. For instance, William Clay Ford Jr. has stated that infrastructure is one of three factors that hold back the marketability of fuel cell cars.
A hydrogen station is a storage or filling station for Hydrogen. The hydrogen is dispensed by weight. There are two filling pressures in common use. H70 or 700 bar, and the older standard H35 or 350 bar. As of 2021 around 550 filling stations were available worldwide.
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The Toyota Mirai is a mid-size hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) manufactured by Toyota, and is one of the first FCV automobiles to be mass-produced and sold commercially. The Mirai was unveiled at the November 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show. As of November 2022, global sales totaled 21,475 units; the top-selling markets were the U.S. with 11,368 units, Japan with 7,435 and the rest of the world with 2,622.
The stock of plug-in electric vehicles in California is the largest in the United States, and as of December 2021, cumulative plug-in car registrations in the state since 2010 totaled 1.072 million units. California is the largest U.S. car market with about 10% of all new car sales in the country, but has accounted for almost half of all plug-in cars sold in the American market since 2011. Since November 2016 and until 2020, China was the only country market that exceeded California in terms of cumulative plug-in electric car sales.
The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2016: emissions limit, or SB-32, is a California Senate bill expanding upon AB-32 to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The lead author is Senator Fran Pavley and the principal co-author is Assemblymember Eduardo Garcia. SB-32 was signed into law on September 8, 2016, by Governor Edmund Gerald “Jerry” Brown Jr. SB-32 sets into law the mandated reduction target in GHG emissions as written into Executive Order B-30-15.
Arnold Schwarzenegger was an early opponent of same-sex marriage in the United States, including during his Governorship of California. As an elected official he opposed legal recognition of same-sex marriage but otherwise he supported LGBT rights legislation, including civil unions.
California has taken legislative steps in the hope of mitigating the risks of potential effects of climate change in California by incentives and plans for clean cars, renewable energy, and pollution controls on industry.
References
- ↑ Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State, Alternative Fuels Data Center, accessed August 31, 2020
- ↑ "California Hydrogen Initiatives". CARB. July 15, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
- ↑ "SB 1505: Environmental Performance Standards for Hydrogen Fuel". Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ↑ http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/sen/sb_1501-1550/sb_1505_bill_20060930_chaptered.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
- ↑ "California Hydrogen Activities". CARB. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ↑ "California Fuel Cell Partnership".
- ↑ "Hydrogen Fueling Stations".
- ↑ Ingram, Antony. "RIP Hydrogen Highway? California Takes Back Grant Dollars", Green Car Reports, June 5, 2012
- ↑ "Stations", California Fuel Cell Partnership, 2012, accessed March 14, 2013
- ↑ Jones, Nicola. "Whatever happened to the hydrogen highway?", Pique, February 9, 2012, accessed March 17, 2016
- ↑ Bill AB 8, Signed by Gov. Jerry Brown (D) on September 30, 2013
- ↑ Xiong, Ben. "Governor Brown Signs AB 8" Archived 2013-12-02 at the Wayback Machine , California Fuel Cell Partnership, September 30, 2013
- ↑ Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State, Alternative Fuels Data Center, accessed September 30, 2022