Cameras for All-Sky Meteor Surveillance

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Cameras for All-Sky Meteor Surveillance (CAMS)
Cams-lick-mill.jpg
The CAMS station at Lick Observatory, in California, set up in April 2011. The CAMS box at the top contains the cameras.
Mission statement CAMS is an automated video surveillance of the night sky to validate the IAU Working List of Meteor Showers.
Commercial?No
LocationGlobal
Founder Peter Jenniskens
EstablishedOctober 10, 2010 (2010-10-10)
FundingPD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Statusactive
Website www.seti.org/cams , meteorshowers.seti.org

CAMS (the Cameras for All-Sky Meteor Surveillance project) is a NASA-sponsored international project that tracks and triangulates meteors during night-time video surveillance in order to map and monitor meteor showers. Data processing is housed at the Carl Sagan Center of the SETI Institute [1] in California, USA. Goal of CAMS is to validate the International Astronomical Union's Working List [2] of Meteor Showers, discover new meteor showers, and predict future meteor showers.

Contents

CAMS Methods

CAMS [3] networks around the world use an array of low-light video surveillance cameras to collect astrometric tracks and brightness profiles of meteors in the night sky. Triangulation of those tracks results in the meteor's direction and speed, from which the meteors’ orbit in space is calculated and the material's parent body can be identified.

The CAMS software modules, written by Peter S. Gural, have scaled up the video-based triangulation of meteors. The most widely used scripts to run these modules on PCs at the stations were written by Dave Samuels and Steve Rau. Through a series of computational and statistical algorithms, each streak of light in the video is identified and the track is verified as being a meteor or belonging to another light source like planes, or light reflected from moving clouds, birds, and bats.

The first CAMS camera stations were set up in October 2010 at Fremont Peak Observatory and in Mountain View, followed in April 2011 by a station at Lick Observatory, in California. A station in Foresthill was added to the CAMS California network in April 2015. CAMS has since expanded into 15 networks worldwide. Networks of cameras are located in the USA (California, Northern California, Arizona, Texas, Arkansas, Maryland, and Florida), in the BeNeLux (The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany), and in the United Arab Emirates on the northern hemisphere, and in New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Namibia, Brazil, and Chile on the southern hemisphere.

CAMS Notable contributions

Demonstrate the presence of yet-to-be discovered long-period comets and improve their orbits

Discovery of new meteor showers and validation of previously reported showers

On February 4, 2011, CAMS detected a brief meteor shower from a still undiscovered long-period comet, thereby proving the existence of that comet. The meteors radiated from the direction of the star Eta Draconis resulting in the new shower called the February Eta Draconids (FEDs) [6] This was just the first of a long list of newly discovered meteor showers. As of Feb 17, 2021, CAMS has helped establish [7] 92 out of 112 single showers [8] and recognized 323 out of 700 meteor showers in the Working List.

  1. CAMS detected a new shower now called the gamma Piscis Austrinids [9]
  2. CAMS detected rho Phoenicids, a shower previously known only from radar observations.
  1. On December 13, CAMS captured 3003 Geminids and 1154 sporadic meteors which shattered all previous records on the number of meteors detected in a single night [10]
  1. CAMS detected the annual eta Eridanids (ERI) from comet C/1852 K1 (Charcornac)
  2. CAMS verified from video the April Rho Cygnids (ARC), originally discovered from radar by the Canadian Meteor Orbit Radar (CMOR)

Monitoring unusual activity of meteor showers

In recent years, the effort has shifted from mapping the annual meteor showers to monitoring unusual meteor shower activity.

Examples of newly detected showers with unusual meteor activity
Meteor Shower NameIAU CodeIAU Shower numberYearFeatures
Arids11302021newly detected
June theta2 Sagittariids [11] 11292021newly detected
gamma Crucids [12] GCR10472021either newly detected or possible return of 1980 alpha Centaurids?
29 Piscids [13] PIS10462020newly detected; then stream showed once in October, then again in November
September upsilon Taurids [14] SUT10452020newly detected shower
gamma Piscis Austrinids10362020newly detected
sigma Phoenicids [15] SPH10352020newly detected
chi Cygnids [16] CCY7572015newly detected and returned in 2020
Volantids [17] VOL7582015newly detected as the New Year's Eve shower. Returned New Year's Eve 2020.
  1. Detected a new shower in the June Aquilid Complex, the June theta2 Saggitarriids (IAU number 1129). The shower was also strong in 2020.
  2. Detected an unusual shower, the zeta Pavonids (IAU number 853). The shower activity profile had a full width at half maximum duration of only 0.46 degrees centered on 1.41 degree solar longitude. [18]
  3. Strong activity from the beta Tucanids (IAU number 108) detected, initially mistaken for the nearby delta Mensids (IAU 130), this shower was also strong in radar observations last year in 2020. A total of 29 beta Tucanids were triangulated by CAMS networks this year, compared to 5 meteors last year. [19]
  4. Detected a strong outburst of gamma Crucids (IAU number 1047) in February. This shower may have been a return of the 1980 alpha Centaurids outburst reported by visual meteor observers.
  1. A significant meteor activity from A-Carinids, an otherwise weak annual shower that was detected by CAMS [20]
  2. CAMS discovered meteors of chi Phoenicids, a new long-period comet [21]
  3. Outburst of Ursids caused by the 1076 A.D. dust of comet 8P/Tuttle [22] [23]
  4. CAMS recognized early sightings of chi Cygnids in late August, forecasting the return of that shower. Shower was last seen in 2015. The shower indeed returned and was observed in detail in September. [24] [25]
  1. CAMS detected an outburst of 15 Bootids, whose orbital elements resemble those of bright comet C/539 W1, [26] [27] suggesting that this meteor shower was caused by the same bright comet as was described in Histories of the Wars, an 553 A.D. book. Expectation is that the comet is on its way back, and predictions were made on where to search in the sky based on the orbital elements of the meteoroid stream.
  2. CAMS captured an outburst of June epsilon Ophiuchids. The parent body was identified as periodic Jupiter Family comet 300P/Catalina [28]
  3. CAMS detected an outburst of Phoenicids from comet Blanpain.
  4. A predicted alpha Monocerotid outburst ("the unicorn shower") was observed by the CAMS Florida, but best viewing was over the Atlantic Ocean. Shower was wider and weaker than anticipated, which according to Jenniskens: "This suggests we crossed the dust trail further from the trail center than anticipated." [29]
  1. CAMS captured an outburst of October Draconids from 21P/Giacobini-Zinner.
  2. CAMS again detected the October Camelopardalids.
  1. Earth traveled through the 1-revolution dust trail of a long-period comet C/2015 D4 (Borisov). Jenniskens noted that "Only about once every 25 years is such an intermediate long-period comet discovered that passes close enough to Earth's orbit to have dust trail encounters. This one passed perihelion in 2014." [30] CAMS South Africa network captured 167 meteors.
  2. CAMS captured 12 meteors from an outburst of October Camelopardalids (OCT) [31]
  1. An outburst of gamma Draconids was detected by CAMS [32]
  2. CAMS picked up an outburst of Ursids in December.
  1. A mobile system of CAMS was used to observed an outburst of the 2011 Draconid meteor shower in Europe. First results from 28 Draconid trajectories and orbits show that the meteors originated from the 1900 dust ejecta of comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner

Guiding astronomers in locating the site of freshly fallen meteorites

In 2016, Lowell Observatory CAMS in Arizona captured a -20 magnitude fireball from which 15 meteorites were recovered. [33] The results showed where LL type chondrites originate in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. [34]

In 2012, the Novato meteorite that generated sonic booms was detected by CAMS, [35] and retrieved by local resident Lisa Webber following publication of tracking information. The meteorite was identified as a L6 type chondrite fragmental breccia. [36] [37]

Visualization and data access

The upgraded and refined NASA CAMS Meteor Shower Portal built by SpaceML meteorshowers .seti .org Nasa-meteor-shower-portal-spaceml.png
The upgraded and refined NASA CAMS Meteor Shower Portal built by SpaceML meteorshowers.seti.org

Every night, the combined CAMS networks generate a map of meteor shower activity. Those maps can be accessed the next morning at the CAMS online portal at cams.seti.org/FDL/ , built by Frontier Development Lab, [38] offering scientists the opportunity to engage with data and offering amateur astronomers guidance on what meteor showers are active.

Building on top of these features, the online portal has been refined and upgraded by SpaceML [39] at meteorshowers.seti.org , offering additional features such as the ability to zoom into meteor showers, presence of constellations serving as a geographic reference, and a timeline view that allows viewing and exporting specific meteor shower activity for scientific communication.

When clicking on one of the points in the websites above, the user is presented with a visualization of the CAMS-detected meteoroid streams in a solar system planetarium setting developed by Ian Webster. The site can be directly accessed at www.meteorshowers.org/view/iau-4 . Each point in this visualization moves in the orbit of one CAMS-triangulated meteor.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leonids</span> Meteor shower associated with the comet Tempel–Tuttle

The Leonids are a prolific annual meteor shower associated with the comet Tempel–Tuttle, and are also known for their spectacular meteor storms that occur about every 33 years. The Leonids get their name from the location of their radiant in the constellation Leo: the meteors appear to radiate from that point in the sky. Their proper Greek name should be Leontids, but the word was initially constructed as a Greek/Latin hybrid and it has been used since. The meteor shower peak should be on 17 November, but any outburst in 2023 is likely to be from the 1767 meteoroid stream.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteoroid</span> Sand- to boulder-sized particle of debris in the Solar System

A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. Meteoroids are distinguished as objects significantly smaller than asteroids, ranging in size from grains to objects up to a meter wide. Objects smaller than meteoroids are classified as micrometeoroids or space dust. Most are fragments from comets or asteroids, whereas others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geminids</span>

The Geminids are a prolific meteor shower caused by the object 3200 Phaethon, which is thought to be a Palladian asteroid with a "rock comet" orbit. This would make the Geminids, together with the Quadrantids, the only major meteor showers not originating from a comet. The meteors from this shower are slow moving, can be seen in December and usually peak around December 4–16, with the date of highest intensity being the morning of December 14. Recent showers have seen 120–160 meteors per hour under optimal conditions, generally around 02:00 to 03:00 local time. Geminids were first observed in 1862, much more recently than other showers such as the Perseids and Leonids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteor shower</span> Celestial event caused by streams of meteoroids entering Earths atmosphere

A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids. The Meteor Data Centre lists over 900 suspected meteor showers of which about 100 are well established. Several organizations point to viewing opportunities on the Internet. NASA maintains a daily map of active meteor showers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Perseids</span> Prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Swift-Tuttle

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The Quadrantids (QUA) are a meteor shower that peaks in early January and whose radiant lies in the constellation Boötes. The zenithal hourly rate (ZHR) of this shower can be as high as that of two other reliably rich meteor showers, the Perseids in August and the Geminids in December, yet Quadrantid meteors are not seen as often as those of the two other showers because the time frame of the peak is exceedingly narrow, sometimes lasting only hours. Moreover, the meteors are quite faint, with mean apparent magnitudes between 3.0 and 6.0.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biela's Comet</span> Disintegrated periodic comet

Biela's Comet or Comet Biela was a periodic Jupiter-family comet first recorded in 1772 by Montaigne and Messier and finally identified as periodic in 1826 by Wilhelm von Biela. It was subsequently observed to split in two and has not been seen since 1852. As a result, it is currently considered to have been destroyed, although remnants have survived for some time as a meteor shower, the Andromedids which may show increased activity in 2023.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Jenniskens</span> Dutch astronomer

Petrus Matheus Marie (Peter) Jenniskens is a Dutch-American astronomer and a senior research scientist at the Carl Sagan Center of the SETI Institute and at NASA Ames Research Center. He is an expert on meteor showers, and wrote the book Meteor Showers and their Parent Comets published in 2006. He is president of Commission 22 of the International Astronomical Union (2012-2015) and was chair of the Working Group on Meteor Shower Nomenclature (2006–2012) after it was first established. Asteroid 42981 Jenniskens is named in his honor.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková</span> Periodic comet with 5 year orbit

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sutter's Mill meteorite</span> Meteorite that fell to Earth on 22 April 2012

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chelyabinsk meteor</span> Near-Earth asteroid that fell over Russia in 2013

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<span class="nowrap">2015 TB<sub>145</sub></span> Asteroid

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References

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from "CAMS". Ames Research Center. NASA.

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