Campaniacum is the etymon inferred from numerous toponyms in France. The Toponymie générale de la France (TGF) derives it from a Roman personal name Campanius and the Gaulish suffix -acum . [1] The -i- (which is important in the phonetic evolution of *Campaniacum) suggests that Campanius is a gens name. [2]
France, officially the French Republic, is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast, Switzerland and Italy to the east, and Andorra and Spain to the south. The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. The country's 18 integral regions span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres (248,573 sq mi) and a total population of 67.3 million. France, a sovereign state, is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban areas include Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lille and Nice.
Toponymie générale de la France, subtitled Étymologie de 35.000 noms de lieux, is a book in four volumes about the origins of place names throughout France. It was published by Ernest Nègre at Librarie Droz in Geneva, Switzerland.
Over the course of some fourteen centuries, the Romans and other peoples of Italy employed a system of nomenclature that differed from that used by other cultures of Europe and the Mediterranean, consisting of a combination of personal and family names. Although conventionally referred to as the tria nomina, the combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen that have come to be regarded as the basic elements of the Roman name in fact represent a continuous process of development, from at least the seventh century BC to the end of the seventh century AD. The names developed as part of this system became a defining characteristic of Roman civilization, and although the system itself vanished during the early Middle Ages, the names themselves exerted a profound influence on the development of European naming practices, and many continue to survive in modern languages.
The modern forms differ according to the diverse phonetic evolutions of the local dialects.
The term dialect is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena:
- Campagnac (TGF § 7029)
- Campénéac (Morbihan) (TGF § 7535)
- Campigny (TGF § 8819)
- Champagnac (TGF § 7061 and § 7438)
- Champagnat (TGF § 7612 and § 8480)
- Champagné (TGF § 8133)
- Champagneux (TGF § 8537)
- Champagney (TGF § 7873)
- Champagny (TGF § 8868)
- Champigny (TGF § 8868)
Campénéac is a commune in the Morbihan department of Brittany in north-western France.
Morbihan is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan, the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is noted for its Carnac stones. These predate and are more extensive than the ancient Stonehenge monument in Wiltshire, England that is more familiar to English speakers.
Champagné is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays-de-la-Loire in north-western France.
The initial /ka/ of *Campaniacum became /ʃa/ (written Cha) in most of Gaul, both in langue d'oïl dialects and the northern langue d'oc dialects; but north of the Joret line, and most Langue d'oc dialects (southern one) /ka/ (written Ca-) was preserved.
Gaul was a historical region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine. It covered an area of 494,000 km2 (191,000 sq mi). According to the testimony of Julius Caesar, Gaul was divided into three parts: Gallia Celtica, Belgica, and Aquitania. Archaeologically, the Gauls were bearers of the La Tène culture, which extended across all of Gaul, as well as east to Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia, and southwestern Germania during the 5th to 1st centuries BC. During the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Gaul fell under Roman rule: Gallia Cisalpina was conquered in 203 BC and Gallia Narbonensis in 123 BC. Gaul was invaded after 120 BC by the Cimbri and the Teutons, who were in turn defeated by the Romans by 103 BC. Julius Caesar finally subdued the remaining parts of Gaul in his campaigns of 58 to 51 BC.
The Joret line is an isogloss used in the linguistics of the langues d'oïl. Dialects North and West of the line have preserved Vulgar Latin and before ; dialects South and East of the line have palatalized and before. This palatalization gave Old French and, then modern French and. The line was first identified by Charles Joret and published in 1883.
The form Champigny is purely French (f. e. : Champigny-sur-Marne is in the Val-de-Marne), because of its [i] between [p] and [ñ]. Gaston Zink offered an explanation for the sequence /ign/ in place of the expected /agn/: before the palatal consonant /ɲ/, the /a/ shifted to /e/, which in turn closed to /i/; Zink points out the parallel form (fungum) campaniolum ('mushroom') which became champegneul in Old French and champignon (with substitution of suffix) in modern French. [3]
Champigny is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.
Champigny-sur-Marne is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 12.5 km (7.8 mi) from the centre of Paris.
Val-de-Marne is a French department, named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region. The department is situated to the southeast of the city of Paris.
