Canadian model of occupational performance and engagement

Last updated

The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP-E) was developed by the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists in 1997, and describes transactions and mutual influences between the dimensions of occupational performance. [1] It is applied by the accompanying Occupational Performance Process Model, which describes the therapeutic process from a client’s perspective. [2] [3] [4] The main model illustrates the relationship between person, occupation and environment. Spirituality is the fourth dimension, placed in the centre of the model to highlight its fundamental importance.

Contents

History

The current CMOP-E results from developments in occupational therapy spanning thirty years. It was initially inspired by occupational performance frameworks proposed by the American Occupational Therapy Association [5] and Reed and Sanderson. [6] However, calls to develop a national quality assurance system lead to its forerunner in 1983 - 'Client-Centred Guidelines for the Practice of Occupational Therapy'. [7] Refinements in the model are evident in further guideline statements [8] [9] and 'Enabling Occupation, A Canadian Occupational Therapy Perspective'. [10] The model’s national development is a unique feature and so CMOP does not reflect the views of any one individual. However while some assume the model has no cultural bias and adaptation has been encouraged, little research has been conducted into the efficacy of its application in non western societies. [10] [11] [12]

Apart from cultural relevance, Kielhofner [13] identifies four characteristics of well developed models which CMOP possesses to varying degrees.

Interdisciplinary Base

Client centered practice originally evolved in psychology. It combines with systems approach, environmental theory and research into 'flow' by Csikszentmihalyi to provide CMOP with a broad interdisciplinary base of knowledge. [1] [3] [4] it involves 3 component - person, occupation, environmental.

Theory regarding order, disorder and intervention

In CMOP-E, occupational order has six perspectives – physical rehabilitative, psycho-emotional, socio-adaptive, neurointegrative, developmental or environmental – in relation to the arbitrary performance areas of self care, leisure and productivity. [2] [12] Quality of function is assessed in terms of both performance and satisfaction. [14] Disorder may occur in the dimensions of person, occupation or environment, or when the momentum of experience is lost due to unresolved issues. [2] Intervention aims to improve transactions between person, occupation and environment, through the process of enablement rather than treatment. Enablement involves working with clients to facilitate autonomy, and does not focus primarily on performance components. [2] [15]

Technology for application

The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) [1] is a semi structured interview developed to apply the model [16] [17] and is the only prescribed assessment. This allows freedom to choose other supporting assessments but also restrict the methods of application for the model. [18] Therapists have praised its client centred approach, relatively quick administration, role in promoting occupational therapy in multidisciplinary teams and compatibility with other assessment tools. [4] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

Empirical Base

The majority of related research evidence pertains to the assessment tool rather than the model. Of this research, most has been in institutional settings, [25] methodologies usually have medium to low levels of credibility, [26] and may are attributed to the same therapists involved in the model's formulation. The model is said to be applicable to all ages and diagnoses groups [12] but few studies have explored its practical application.

Related Research Articles

Occupational therapists (OTs) are health care professionals specializing in occupational therapy and occupational science. OTs and occupational therapy assistants (OTAs) use scientific bases and a holistic perspective to promote a person's ability to fulfill their daily routines and roles. OTs have training in the physical, psychological, and social aspects of human functioning deriving from an education grounded in anatomical and physiological concepts, and psychological perspectives. They enable individuals across the lifespan by optimizing their abilities to perform activities that are meaningful to them ("occupations"). Human occupations include activities of daily living, work/vocation, play, education, leisure, rest and sleep, and social participation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occupational therapy</span> Healthcare profession

Occupational therapy (OT) is a healthcare profession that involves the use of assessment, intervention, consultation, and coaching to develop, recover, or maintain meaningful occupations of individuals, groups, or communities. The field of OT consists of health care practitioners trained and educated to support mental health and physical performance. Occupational therapists specialize in teaching, educating, and supporting participation in activities that occupy an individual's time. It is an independent health profession sometimes categorized as an allied health profession and consists of occupational therapists (OTs) and occupational therapy assistants (OTAs). OTs and OTAs have different roles, with OTs licensed to complete comprehensive occupational therapy evaluations. Both professionals work with people who want to improve their ability to participate in meaningful occupations.

Online counseling or online therapy is a form of professional mental health counseling that is generally performed through the internet. Computer aided technologies are used by the trained professional counselors and individuals seeking counseling services to communicate rather than conventional face-to-face interactions. Online counseling is also referred to as teletherapy, e-therapy, cyber therapy, or web counseling. Services are typically offered via email, real-time chat, and video conferencing. Some clients use online counseling in conjunction with traditional psychotherapy, or nutritional counseling. An increasing number of clients are using online counseling as a replacement for office visits.

The floortime or Developmental, Individual-differences, Relationship-based (DIR) model is a developmental model for assessing and understanding any child's strengths and weaknesses. This model was developed by Stanley Greenspan and first outlined in 1979 in his book Intelligence and Adaptation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Casson</span> British doctor

Elizabeth Casson OBE was a British medical doctor and an occupational therapy pioneer. Initially training as a secretary, Casson began studying medicine at the University of Bristol when she was 32. She received her medical degree in 1926, becoming the first woman to receive one from the University of Bristol. She also attained the Gaskell prize from the Royal Medico-Psychological Association and a diploma in psychological medicine from the University of London.

This article discusses occupational therapy (OT) in the United Kingdom.

Rehabilitation Assistants (RAs), also referred to as occupational therapist assistants (OTAs) and physiotherapist assistants (PTAs) are members of the health care team who work under the supervision of an occupational therapist or a physiotherapist to improve a client's or patient's quality of life.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Management of domestic violence</span>

The management of domestic violence deals with the treatment of victims of domestic violence and preventing repetitions of such violence. The response to domestic violence in Western countries is typically a combined effort between law enforcement, social services, and health care. The role of each has evolved as domestic violence has been brought more into public view.

Occupational therapy is used to manage the issues caused by seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Occupational therapists assist with the management of SAD through the incorporation of a variety of healthcare disciplines into therapeutic practice. Potential patients with SAD are assessed, treated, and evaluated primarily using treatments such as drug therapies, light therapies, and psychological therapies. Therapists are often involved in designing an individualised treatment plan that most effectively meets the client's goals and needs around their responsiveness to a variety of treatments.

Cultural humility is the “ability to maintain an interpersonal stance that is other-oriented in relation to aspects of cultural identity that are most important to the [person].” Cultural humility is different from other culturally-based training ideals because it focuses on self-humility rather than being an other-directed "they/them" way of achieving a state of knowledge or awareness. It is helpful to see as others see; what they themselves have determined is their personal expression of their heritage and their “personal culture”. Cultural humility was formed in the physical healthcare field and adapted for therapists, social workers, and medical librarians, to learn more about experiences and cultural identities of others and increase the quality of their interactions with clients and community members.

Substance use disorders (SUD) can have a significant effect on one's function in all areas of occupation. Physical and psychosocial issues due to SUD can impact occupational performance. Unfulfilled life roles and disruption in meaningful activity can result from lack of structure or routine, poor motivation, limited skills, and poor social networks. These deficits may also contribute to stress, affecting the ability to cope with challenges. While SUD can affect a client's participation in therapy and ability to follow recommendations, occupational therapists are trained to facilitate occupational participation and performance.

Occupational injustice derives from the concept of occupational justice, which originated in 1997 with social scientists/ occupational therapists Ann Wilcock of Australia and Elizabeth Townsend of Canada. As a particular application of social justice, occupational injustice occurs when a person is denied, excluded from or deprived of opportunity to pursue meaningful occupations or when unchosen occupations are imposed upon them thus limiting life satisfaction. The construct of occupational rights stems from human rights but focuses on the inherent right of individuals to participate in occupations, construed as their personally meaningful and goal-directed use of time. Through this participation, occupational rights contribute to fulfillment and self-actualization. Groups of people that may be vulnerable to experiencing occupational injustices include cultural, religious, and ethnic minority groups, child labourers, the unemployed, prisoners, persons with substance use disorder, residents of institutions, refugees, and/or women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas B. Kidner</span>

Thomas B. Kidner (1866–1932) was one of the founders of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy (NSPOT) later renamed the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA). He served as president of the society from 1923 to 1928.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sensory processing disorder</span> Medical condition

Sensory processing disorder is a condition in which multisensory input is not adequately processed in order to provide appropriate responses to the demands of the environment. Sensory processing disorder is present in many people with dyspraxia, autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Individuals with SPD may inadequately process visual, auditory, olfactory (smell), gustatory (taste), tactile (touch), vestibular (balance), proprioception, and interoception sensory stimuli.

Co-therapy or conjoint therapy is a kind of psychotherapy conducted with more than one therapist present. This kind of therapy is especially applied during couple therapy. Carl Whitaker and Virginia Satir are credited as the founders of co-therapy. Co-therapy dates back to the early twentieth century in Vienna, where psychoanalytic practices were first taking place. It was originally named "multiple therapy" by Alfred Alder, and later introduced separately as "co-therapy" in the 1940s. Co-therapy began with two therapists of differing abilities, one essentially learning from the other, and providing the opportunity to hear feedback on their work.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muriel Zimmerman</span> American occupational therapist

Muriel Ellen Zimmerman was an American occupational therapist, head of the Self-Help Device Unit at the Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine in New York City.

Evelyn Mary Macdonald was a British occupational therapist who helped establish occupational therapy in the United Kingdom, Argentina and Greece. She founded the Association of Occupational Therapists. Miss Macdonald was Principal of Dorset House, the oldest and largest School in Great Britain for 33 years. She was an appointed member of the Cope Committee which led to the statutory regulation of the Professions Supplementary to Medicine in 1960. Macdonald was the first Chair of the Occupational Therapists Board. She was an author, an early advocate of cooperation between the allied health professions and a historian of the Association.

The Kawa model is a culturally responsive conceptual framework used in occupational therapy to understand and guide the therapeutic process. Developed by Japanese occupational therapists, the model draws upon the metaphor of a river to describe human occupation and its relationship to well-being. The overarching goal of use is to "provide a culturally flexible model to aid occupational therapists to improve communication with clients, to better understand what a client finds meaningful and important, and to design optimal client-centered interventions."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alice C. Jantzen</span> American occupational therapist

Alice Catherine Jantzen was an American occupational therapist. She was the first president of the American Occupational Therapy Foundation (AOTF), and chair of the occupational therapy department at the University of Florida from 1958 to 1976.

Yvonne Thomas is an English-New Zealand occupation therapist and academic, and is a full professor at Otago Polytechnic, specialising in occupational health, wellbeing and homelessness.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Law, Mary; Cooper, Barbra; Strong, Susan; Stewart, Debra; Rigby, Patricia; Letts, Lori (1997). "4: Theoretical contexts for practice of occupational therapy". In Christiansen, Charles; Baum, Carolyn (eds.). Occupational Therapy: Enabling Function and Well-Being (2 ed.). SLACK. pp. 72–104. ISBN   978-1-55642-361-1 . Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Fearing, Virginia G.; Law, Mary; Clark, Jo (1997). "An Occupational Performance Process Model: Fostering client and Therapist Alliances". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy (in French). 64 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1177/000841749706400103. ISSN   0008-4174.
  3. 1 2 Stanton S, Thompson–Franson T and Kramer C. (2002). Linking concepts to a process for working with clients. In Townsend E, Stanton S, Law M, Polatajko M, Baptiste S, Thompson-Franson T, Kramer C, Swedlove F, Brintnell S and Campanile L (2002). Enabling occupation, An occupational therapy perspective. Revised edition. Ottawa, CAOT Publications ACE.
  4. 1 2 3 Clarke, Channine (2003). "Clinical Application of the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance in a Forensic Rehabilitation Hostel". British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 66 (4): 171–174. doi:10.1177/030802260306600407. ISSN   0308-0226.
  5. ↑ American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc. (1974). A curriculum guide for occupational therapy educators. Rockville, MD: Author
  6. ↑ Reed, K. L., & Sanderson, S.R. (1980) Concepts of occupational therapy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins
  7. ↑ Baum, Carolyn M.; Law, Mary (1997-04-01). "Occupational Therapy Practice: Focusing on Occupational Performance". The American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 51 (4). AOTA Press: 277–288. doi:10.5014/ajot.51.4.277. ISSN   0272-9490.
  8. ↑ Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (1991). Occupational therapy guidelines for client-centred practice. Toronto, CAOT Publications ACE.
  9. ↑ Health Canada and Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (1993). Occupational therapy guidelines for client-centred mental health practice. Toronto, CAOT Publications ACE.
  10. 1 2 Townsend E, Stanton S, Law M, Polatajko M, Baptiste S, Thompson-Franson T, Kramer C, Swedlove F, Brintnell S and Campanile L (2002). Enabling occupation, An occupational therapy perspective. Revised edition. Ottawa, CAOT Publications ACE
  11. ↑ Awaad, Jerri (2003). "Culture, Cultural Competency and Occupational Therapy: A Review of the Literature". British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 66 (8): 356–362. doi:10.1177/030802260306600804. ISSN   0308-0226.
  12. 1 2 3 Cresswell, Mary Kay; Rugg, Sue A (2003). "The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: its use with clients with schizophrenia". British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 10 (12): 544–553. doi:10.12968/bjtr.2003.10.12.13438. ISSN   1354-8581.
  13. ↑ Kielhofner G (1997). Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia, F.A.Davis
  14. ↑ Ward, Ge; Jagger, C; Harper, Wmh (1996). "The Canadian occupational performance measure: what do users consider important?". British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 3 (8): 448–452. doi:10.12968/bjtr.1996.3.8.14791. ISSN   1354-8581.
  15. ↑ Kusznir A and Scott E. (1999). The challenges of client centred practice in mental health settings. In T. Sumison. Client Centred practice in occupational therapy. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone
  16. ↑ McColl MA and Pollock N (2000). Measuring occupational performance using a client centred perspective. In Law M, Baum C and Dunn W (2000). Measuring occupational performance: Supporting best practice in occupational therapy. New Jersey, SLACK
  17. ↑ Pollock N, McColl MA and Carswell A (1999). The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. In T. Sumison (1999). Client centred practice in occupational therapy. Edinburgh, Churchill Livingstone
  18. ↑ MacRae A, Falk-Kessler J, Julin D, Padillo R and Schultz S (1998). Occupational therapy models In Cara E and MacRae A (1998). Psychosocial occupational therapy: A clinical practice. New York, Delmar
  19. ↑ Toomey, Moira; Nicholson, Donna; Carswell, Anne (1995). "The Clinical Utility of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy (in French). 62 (5). SAGE Publications: 242–249. doi:10.1177/000841749506200503. ISSN   0008-4174.
  20. ↑ Dressier, Jane; MacRae, Anne (1998-10-16). "Advocacy, Partnerships and Client Centered Practice in California". Occupational Therapy in Mental Health. 14 (1–2): 35–43. doi:10.1300/J004v14n01_06. ISSN   0164-212X.
  21. ↑ Fedden, Tamsin; Green, Annette; Hill, Tristan (1999). "Out of the Woods: The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, from the Manual into Practice". British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 62 (7): 318–320. doi:10.1177/030802269906200710. ISSN   0308-0226.
  22. ↑ Chesworth, Clunis; Duffy, Ruth; Hodnett, Jacqueline; Knight, Amanda (2002). "Measuring Clinical Effectiveness in Mental Health: is the Canadian Occupational Performance an appropriate Measure?". British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 65 (1): 30–34. doi:10.1177/030802260206500106. ISSN   0308-0226.
  23. ↑ Donnelly, Catherine; Carswell, Anne (2002). "Individualized Outcome Measures: A Review of the Literature". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 69 (2). SAGE Publications: 84–94. doi:10.1177/000841740206900204. ISSN   0008-4174.
  24. ↑ Warren, Alison (2002). "An Evaluation of the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure in Mental Health Practice". British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 65 (11): 515–521. doi:10.1177/030802260206501106. ISSN   0308-0226.
  25. ↑ McColl, Mary Ann; Paterson, Margo; Davies, Diane; Doubt, Lorna; Law, Mary (2000). "Validity and Community Utility of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 67 (1). SAGE Publications: 22–30. doi:10.1177/000841740006700105. ISSN   0008-4174.
  26. ↑ Egan, Mary; Dubouloz, Claire-Jehanne; Zweck, Claudia Von; Vallerand, Josée (1998). "The Client-Centred Evidence-Based Practice of Occupational Therapy". Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy (in French). 65 (3): 136–143. doi:10.1177/000841749806500303. ISSN   0008-4174.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.