Cantonment Oglethorpe

Last updated
Cantonment Oglethorpe
Old Oglethorpe Barracks
Corner of West Park Avenue and Whitaker Street
Chatham County, Georgia
Plan Cantonment Oglethorpe March 31, 1829 National Archives 14.jpg
Plan of the cantonment
Site information
Type Cantonment
Owner United States Army
Controlled by United States Army
Location
Cantonment Oglethorpe
Coordinates 32°03′57″N81°05′56″W / 32.065769°N 81.098773°W / 32.065769; -81.098773
Area6.22 acres of 28+ acres
Site history
Built1826 (1826)
Built by United States Army
In use1826–1835
MaterialsWood
Garrison information
Past
commanders		Brevet Colonel William McRae
Garrison2nd Regiment of Artillery (United States)
OccupantsCompanies I & E, 2nd Regiment of Artillery (1828)

Cantonment Oglethorpe was a United States Army artillery installation that operated near Savannah, Georgia from 1826 to 1835. [1] Established on approximately 28 acres of land about a half mile south of Savannah's then city limits, the cantonment housed two companies of the Second Regiment of Artillery under the Eastern Department of War. [2] [3] The installation became notable for its high mortality rate, with over 100 soldiers, women, and children dying from bilious malignant fever, likely malaria, between 1826 and 1828. [1] [4] Following years of seasonal disease outbreaks, military authorities implemented various strategies to reduce mortality, including seasonal relocations and eventually the construction of new barracks within the city. [1] [5] The post was abandoned in 1835 when troops relocated to the newly constructed Oglethorpe Barracks on Liberty Street. [1] [5] The former cantonment site was ceded to the City of Savannah in 1853 and now comprises a portion of the southwest quadrant of Forsyth Park and a western portion of Savannah's Victorian Historic District. [6] [7]

Contents

History

Establishment

Pink square in Farm Lot 1 is the north 28 acres purchased in 1827 by US Government for Cantonment Oglethorpe. (Base image: 1908 tracing of 1871 tracing of 1798 tracing by John McKinnon of Oglethorpe Plan of Savannah. Note top compass where north arrow is 20o west of city street grid's north.) 1908 Tracing of Oglethorpe Plan of Savannah of a 1800 tracing by John McKinnon.jpg
Pink square in Farm Lot 1 is the north 28 acres purchased in 1827 by US Government for Cantonment Oglethorpe. (Base image: 1908 tracing of 1871 tracing of 1798 tracing by John McKinnon of Oglethorpe Plan of Savannah. Note top compass where north arrow is 20º west of city street grid's north.)

Two federal regiments arrived in Savannah in spring 1826 aboard the brig Heroine, which was modified with berths for 75 men and cabins for officers. [4] [8] Construction of Cantonment Oglethorpe began in the months after their arrival. [9] The Mayor and Aldermen of Savannah had requested military presence after all U.S. troops were removed from the city in early 1824. [10]

The soldiers received artillery training at Fortress Monroe before arriving in Savannah to occupy a portion of 28 acres of forested land, located approximately a half mile outside the city's limits. [4]

Disease and mortality

On February 28, 1829, the Savannah Republican republished an article from the Philadelphia Evening Post in which Savannah residents warned of unhealthy conditions causing a "bilious malignant fever," likely malaria, that had afflicted the recently posted troops. [4] [11] According to the article, approximately one regiment died from summer 1826 through the end of 1827. A regiment arrived in April 1828 to replace the deceased troops, but by the end of 1828, an additional 51 soldiers, 5 women, and 16 children had died from the fever. [1] [4] These deaths are not recorded in the "Index to Register of Deaths in Savannah". [12] Continued research is needed for the burial location of the women, children, and over 100 soldiers.

Monthly Returns from US Military Posts (Monthly Returns) document the severity of the disease outbreak at Cantonment Oglethorpe. [1] Deaths were no longer recorded in Monthly Returns after November 1827. [1] In June 1828, 105 soldiers were present at the cantonment, but by October only 63 soldiers remained. Up to 58% of the present troops were recorded sick from May to October 1828. [1]

Richard Wayne, M.D., a native of nearby Screven County, received his military commission and served as surgeon at Cantonment Oglethorpe after training at the Medical College in Philadelphia. [13] Wayne later served Savannah as alderman (1828, 1842, 1843), first popularly elected mayor (1844-1845, 1848-1853, 1857-1858), and represented Chatham County in the Georgia legislature. [7] [13] Wayne himself contracted bilious fever in 1840 while treating patients. [13]

Seasonal abandonment strategy (1829-1835)

In response to the high mortality rate, military authorities implemented a strategy of seasonal abandonment from 1829 to 1835 to prevent deaths from disease during the warmer months of May through November. [5] This pattern of abandonment is documented in the Monthly Returns. [1] [14] [15]

From 1829 to 1831, Company E was sent to Augusta Arsenal [16] (aka Augusta Sand Hills) [5] in Augusta, Georgia during the "sickly season". [14] [17] Company I also remained in Augusta until July 20, 1829, when they were dispatched to their permanent post at Fort Mitchell in Alabama, arriving on August 7, 1829. [15]

A new strategy began on May 17, 1832, when Company E relocated within City of Savannah boundaries during the sickly season. [1] [5] Enlisted men billeted in the Savannah Theatre while officers stayed in nearby homes vacated by owners who traveled to cooler climates. [7] City Council agreed to allow the soldiers to temporarily fence in the space between the Theatre and the nearby open grounds of the Chatham Academy. [5] An otherwise normal number of 3 to 7 troops of Company E were recorded sick and one death occurred during the first year of this approach. [1] [5] Troops returned to Oglethorpe Barracks on November 14. [1] Total troops present only decreased by three from May to November, demonstrating the effectiveness of the urban relocation strategy. [1]

On August 22, 1833, the Savannah Mayor and Aldermen passed an ordinance authorizing the establishment of "New Oglethorpe Barracks". [10] The U.S. Government purchased land on Liberty Street on November 5, 1833, for $12,000, as recorded in Superior Court deed 2S-455. [10] The new barracks site was located at what is today mostly the boundaries of the DeSoto Hotel, between Bull Street and Drayton Street. [10] May 15, 1835, was the last noted entry in Monthly Returns where troops were removed from Cantonment Oglethorpe to the City of Savannah. [1]

Slavery and Military Deployment

In 1825, Savannah's city population consisted of 2,763 white residents and 3,230 black residents. [18] By 1830, the city's population had grown to 3,620 white residents, 3,279 enslaved persons, and 404 free people of color. In the remainder of Chatham County, the population was 603 white residents, 6,202 enslaved persons, and 22 free people of color. [19]

Slave Laws Passed in Georgia, 1829 Georgia Assembly 1829 Slave Laws pg 168-177.pdf
Slave Laws Passed in Georgia, 1829

The demographics of Savannah and Chatham County were a factor in the federal government's decision to establish Cantonment Oglethorpe. [10] In a report to Congress dated January 25, 1827, Quartermaster General Thomas S. Jesup stated: "The situation of the city of Savannah, in relation to a certain class of its population, rendered it necessary to place two companies in its vicinity, in consequence of which barracks were to be erected. They were commenced early last Summer, and are now in progress." [9]

On December 22, 1829, months after David Walker's Appeal calling for slave resistance began circulating in Southern ports, Georgia enacted comprehensive slave control legislation that directly affected Savannah as a major port city. The laws mandated a 40-day quarantine for ships arriving with free Black sailors, who were to be jailed until departure; prohibited teaching enslaved or free Black persons to read or write, with white violators subject to fines up to $500 and imprisonment and Black violators subject to whipping; and made circulating materials inciting insurrection punishable by death. [20]

Response to Nat Turner's Rebellion

Following Nat Turner's rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia, which occurred August 21-23, 1831, the Savannah Georgian reported on Virginia's new slave laws in its October 18, 1831 edition. [21] A December 7, 1831 communication in the Savannah Georgian directed towards City Council, signed Virginia, regarded the seasonal absence of the troops and referenced "the events of last summer," stating that the presence of federal troops "would inspire much confidence and might serve to keep some at home who have said, after the events of last summer, nothing but actual necessity should induce them to stay another." [22] In the following weeks, City Council appointed a committee to request the War Department erect new barracks within the healthier, city borders. [5]

Construction and layout

Budget and planning

Cantonment Oglethorpe Plan (1826-1835). Note elevations of structures. Plan Cantonment Oglethorpe, National Archives 15.jpg
Cantonment Oglethorpe Plan (1826-1835). Note elevations of structures.

In January 1827, the Department of War submitted a letter to the Congressional Military Committee requesting an initial budget of $14,452.51 for Cantonment Oglethorpe. [9] The budget itemized picket fencing and most buildings shown in later plans, including a two-story hospital. The washwomen's quarters, magazine, ordnance storehouse, sutler store, wells, and privies were not included in the budget but appear in an 1829 drawing. [23]

Lieutenant John B. Scott advertised in the Savannah Georgian on October 10, 1826, requesting delivery of 192,000 feet of pine lumber in 28-foot lengths, 8 inches thick and at least 12 inches wide. [24] Scott also secured contracts in 1826 for large quantities of oak firewood and fresh beef. [25] [26]

Site plans

Three plans of Cantonment Oglethorpe are preserved in the National Archives Catalog. [23] The building elevations show regional Lowcountry architectural style. [27] A plan dated March 31, 1829, includes dimensions of the buildings and perimeter picket fence. A third plan appears to be the initial design based on notations indicating incomplete perimeter fencing and fewer buildings. The key for names of buildings and rooms is found on its reverse side.

1818 Plat of 56 Acre Farm Lot 1, Holland Tything, Perchival Ward. USA Government purchased northern half, 28+ acres denoted in pink. Estimated locations of Whitaker Street in green and 1829 Plan of Cantonment Oglethorpe in orange, for scale. 1818 Plat Farm Lot 1with overlay of 1829 Plan on Whitaker Street.tif
1818 Plat of 56 Acre Farm Lot 1, Holland Tything, Perchival Ward. USA Government purchased northern half, 28+ acres denoted in pink. Estimated locations of Whitaker Street in green and 1829 Plan of Cantonment Oglethorpe in orange, for scale.

The March 31, 1829 plan shows the picket fence enclosing the cantonment at right angles. [23] The northern fence extended 450 feet without interruption. The west fence measured 602 feet and included a gate near the quartermaster and commissary stores. The east fence extended 480 feet with the main gate at its midpoint. The south fence featured an irregular configuration to accommodate a barn and stable in the southeast corner.

Location

The cantonment's site plans show a north arrow rotated approximately 20 degrees west of the street grid, consistent with Savannah's Oglethorpe Plan. This alignment suggests the main gate faced towards White Bluff Road, the nearest contemporary road with this orientation. The other nearby road, Ogeechee Road, did not align with the city's street grid.

1850 Plan depicts Northern Half of Farm Lot 1, Holland Tything, Percival Ward configured into 106 city lots and a square. Plan drawn three years before US Government ceded land to City of Savannah. Lot lengths and configuration of streets differ from final city plan. (Bull, Whitaker, Barnard and Jefferson were amongst the first north-south streets established by Oglethorpe circa 1733.) See SAGIS based map and Lloyd Ward map below. 1850 Plan of 106 City Lots of Northern Half of Farm Lot 1, Holland Tything, Percival Ward.jpg
1850 Plan depicts Northern Half of Farm Lot 1, Holland Tything, Percival Ward configured into 106 city lots and a square. Plan drawn three years before US Government ceded land to City of Savannah. Lot lengths and configuration of streets differ from final city plan. (Bull, Whitaker, Barnard and Jefferson were amongst the first north-south streets established by Oglethorpe circa 1733.) See SAGIS based map and Lloyd Ward map below.
2025 map of Savannah (SAGIS) with applied boundaries of 28-acres and footprint of cantonment at Whitaker Street and Park Avenue. Savannah Area Geographic Information Systems (SAGIS) Map indicating size of 28-acres and footprint of cantonment along Whitaker using Savannah Area Geographic Information Systems (SAGIS).jpg
2025 map of Savannah (SAGIS) with applied boundaries of 28-acres and footprint of cantonment at Whitaker Street and Park Avenue. Savannah Area Geographic Information Systems (SAGIS)

Farm Lot 1, Holland Tything, Percival Ward (Farm Lot 1) was surveyed in 1818 measuring 56 acres, 3 rods, and 14 perches total. [28] According to the 1818 plat, this rectangular lot measured 20.60 chains (approximately 1,360 feet) in width and 27.5 chains (approximately 1,815 feet) in length. [28] On April 3, 1827, the United States purchased the northern half of Farm Lot 1, (approximately 28 acres) for $800 (Deed 2O-187). [2] A survey from July 15, 1850 represents the boundaries as Montgomery Street on the west, Gwinnett Street on the north, the central promenade of Forsyth Park (then White Bluff Road) on the east, and Park Avenue on the south. [29]

At the time of purchase, the Mayor and Aldermen of Savannah encouraged the location of Farm Lot 1 due to its proximity to the Greater Ogeechee Road that headed southwest of the city. [10] Ogeechee Road cut through a portion of the northwest corner of the property. [28] Vincent's 1852 map and Colton's 1855 map of Savannah depict Ogeechee Road traversing from the intersection of Montgomery and West Bolton to approximately the midpoint of the 300 block of West Gwinnett Street. [30] [31]

The land purchase [2] [28] satisfied a portion of debt from the estate of Matthew McAllister (Deed 2I-426, with plat), [28] who had been appointed Attorney General of the Georgia District by President George Washington in 1789 [32] and later served as mayor of Savannah. [33]

Charles Seton Henry Hardee, in his autobiography "Reminiscences and Recollections of Old Savannah", identified the cantonment's location at Park Avenue and Whitaker Street. [11] Hardee, who served as trusted treasurer of Savannah for over 40 years, attended a May festival at the site at age 10. [34]

"Cerveau's Savannah" by Joseph Frederick Waring describes the cantonment as located south of Gwinnett Street and west of Whitaker Street, near a city dump. [17] Waring also noted that a hot air balloon demonstration took place at the parade grounds on March 5, 1836, with admission required to watch Monsieur Frigent and a Savannah gentleman ascend in the balloon. [17] [35]

Military Organization

The troops at Cantonment Oglethorpe were part of the Second Regiment of Artillery commanded by Brevet Colonel McRae. This Second Regiment of Artillery served within the Eastern Department of War under the command of Brevet Major General Edmund P. Gaines. Captains N. Baden and E. Lyon commanded Companies I and E of the Second Regiment at Cantonment Oglethorpe in 1828. Other branches of the Second Regiment of Artillery were located in: Charleston, South Carolina; Augusta, Georgia; and St. Augustine, Florida. [3]

Notable personnel

Brevet 2nd Lieutenant Hugh W. Mercer joined Company E on February 28, 1829, while on duty at Fort Monroe in Virginia. [1] He arrived at Cantonment Oglethorpe in March 1829 and was promoted to 2nd Lieutenant in May while in Augusta, Georgia. [14] Mercer is last recorded in Monthly Returns in July 1834. [1] He later became a prominent Savannah citizen and was a great-grandfather of songwriter Johnny Mercer.

Legacy

1829 Cantonment Oglethorpe Plan upon Lloyd Ward Map, WPA 1939-40 (Courtesy City of Savannah Municipal Archives); Cantonment placement referenced by C.S.H. Hardee "Reminiscences and Recollections of Old Savannah". 1829 Cantonment Oglethorpe upon WPA Lloyd Ward Map (1939-40), C.S.H. Hardee Remembrance.jpg
1829 Cantonment Oglethorpe Plan upon Lloyd Ward Map, WPA 1939-40 (Courtesy City of Savannah Municipal Archives); Cantonment placement referenced by C.S.H. Hardee "Reminiscences and Recollections of Old Savannah".

After efforts by Georgia's US Senators and Representatives, The United States ceded the 28 acres of the former cantonment to the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Savannah by joint resolution on January 20, 1853 (Deed 3L-108). [6] [7] Military Captains of Savannah were granted the 20 acres west of Whitaker in August 1853 for parade grounds. [7] City of Savannah divided the eight acres east of Whitaker for residential lots. [7]

By 1859, the Military Captains agreed to transfer their 20-acres for the land south of Forsyth Place, from Hall Street to New Houston Street (Park Avenue) and between Whitaker Street and Drayton Street to become their new parade grounds. [7] In the transaction, City of Savannah's net benefit was $30,547 in 1861 dollars, [7] which have a present value of $1,124,610 (2025) [36]

Approximately 8 acres of the original 28-acres now comprise the southwest quadrant of Forsyth Park. [7] The other 20 acres became the streets, lanes, and residential lots of Lloyd Ward. [7] [10] [37]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Returns from U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916: Savannah, Georgia, January 1824 - December 1850,"  National Archives Microfilm Publication M617, Roll 1126, Images 51-227,  FamilySearch, https://www.familysearch.org/en/search/film/008361400?cat=589910
  2. 1 2 3 "Deed Book 2O, page 187". Chatham County, Georgia Deeds. FamilySearch. April 3, 1827. Film #008544910, Image 403 of 660. Retrieved November 24, 2025. Deed between John Morel, Marshal and The United States of America
  3. 1 2 United States; Adams, John Quincy; United States; United States; United States; United States; United States; United States, eds. (1828). Message from the President of the United States, to both Houses of Congress, at the commencement of the second session of the Twentieth Congress. December 2, 1828. Read, and committed to the Committee on the Whole House on the State of the Union. House document / 20th Congress, 2nd session. House. Washington, D.C.: publisher not identified.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "[Letter to Fortress Monroe, Philadelphia concerning mortality at Cantonment Oglethorpe]". Georgian. February 28, 1829. p. 2 Col 2 & 3. Retrieved November 24, 2025– via Georgia Historic Newspapers.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "The Oglethorpe Barracks, Interesting History of How Its Location was Obtained". Savannah Morning News. March 31, 1882. p. 4 Col 3&4. Retrieved November 24, 2025– via Georgia Historic Newspapers.
  6. 1 2 "Deed Book 3L, page 106". Chatham County, Georgia Deeds. FamilySearch. February 22, 1853. Film #008191846, Image 62 of 603. Retrieved November 24, 2025. Deed between C.M. Conrad, Secretary of War, USA and City Council of Savannah, Georgia
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gamble, Thomas, Jr. (1901). "A History of the City Government of Savannah, Ga., from 1790 to 1901; Compiled from Official Records by Thomas Gamble, Jr., Secretary to the Mayor, Under Direction of City Council". City of Savannah, Research Library and Municipal Archives.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ "Contracts -- War Department -- 1826. Letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting statements of contracts made by the War Department in the year 1826. February 22, 1827. Read, and laid upon the table | Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. p. 7. Retrieved 2025-02-16.
  9. 1 2 3 Jesup, Thomas S. (Quartermaster General) (January 25, 1827). Barracks, Store Houses, Hospitals, &c. U.S. Congressional Serial Set. Vol. House Document No. 61, 19th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington, D.C.: Gales & Seaton. p. 6. Retrieved November 24, 2025.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Harden, William (1913). A History of Savannah and South Georgia, Vol 1. Cherokee Publishing Co. pp. 312–314.
  11. 1 2 Hardee, Charles Seton Henry (1928). Reminiscences and Recollections of Old Savannah. Georgia Historical Society. pp. 73–75.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. ↑ Genealogical Committee, Georgia Historical Society (1989). Index to Register of deaths in Savannah, Georgia : volumes IV, September 1818-1832. Georgia Historical Society. pp. 179–234.
  13. 1 2 3 "Richard Wayne physician biography". Georgia Historical Society Archives. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. Collection 702, Folder 1, Item 7. Retrieved November 24, 2025.
  14. 1 2 3 "Returns from U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916: Augusta Arsenal, Georgia, January 1822 - July 1849," National Archives Microfilm Publication M617, Roll 56, Images 208-219, 229-244, 253-266, FamilySearch, https://www.familysearch.org/en/search/film/008364702?cat=589910
  15. 1 2 "Returns from U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916: Fort Mitchel, Alabama, August 1825 - April 1840," National Archives Microfilm Publication M617, Roll 785, Images 40-47, FamilySearch, https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS1R-Q9DC-N?cat=589910
  16. ↑ Lavin, Gregory S. “Augusta Arsenal: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Ordnance Service.” Army Ordnance, vol. 26, no. 142, 1944, pp. 97–98. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45472150. Accessed 28 Nov. 2025.
  17. 1 2 3 Waring, Joseph Frederick (1973). Cerveau's Savannah. Georgia Historical Society. pp. 23 25 30 38.
  18. ↑ Johnson, Whittington B. (1996). Black Savannah 1788-1864. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. p. 183. ISBN   1-55728-406-7.
  19. ↑ "Fifth Census of the United States, 1830". Population Distribution by Counties, Georgia. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved November 24, 2025– via Ancestry.com.
  20. ↑ "Slaves". Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, Passed in November and December 1829. Milledgeville, Georgia: [Georgia General Assembly]. 1829. pp. 168–176. Retrieved November 25, 2025– via HathiTrust.
  21. ↑ "The people of Richmond County held a meeting..." Savannah Georgian. October 18, 1831. p. 2 Col 5. Retrieved November 24, 2025– via Georgia Historic Newspapers.
  22. ↑ "[Communication]". Savannah Georgian. December 7, 1831. p. 2 Col 5. Retrieved November 24, 2025– via Georgia Historic Newspapers.
  23. 1 2 3 War Department. Office of the Chief of Engineers. 1818-9/18/1947. Plan of Cantonment, Oglethorpe. Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ "[Notice: Request for lumber contract for Cantonment Oglethorpe]". Georgian. October 7, 1826. p. 3 Col 3. Retrieved November 24, 2025– via Georgia Historic Newspapers.
  25. ↑ "[Quartermaster advertisement for beef and wood proposals for Cantonment Oglethorpe]". Georgian. Savannah, Georgia. June 27, 1826. p. 3. Retrieved November 25, 2025– via Georgia Historic Newspapers.
  26. ↑ United States Department of War (February 22, 1827). Contracts—War Department—1826 (PDF). House Document No. 131, 19th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington: Gales & Seaton. Retrieved November 24, 2025– via Library of Congress.
  27. ↑ Lowcountry Council of Governments. Historic Resources of the Lowcountry (1979, 2nd Printing ed.). The Press & Standard, Walterboro, SC. pp. 72–75.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 "Deed Book 2I, pages 427-429". Chatham County, Georgia Deeds. FamilySearch. April 24, 1819. Film #008564916, Images 231-233 of 667. Retrieved November 24, 2025. Deed between Mary Turnbull, et al. and Matthew McAllister, including plat
  29. ↑ "Survey Plat of Old Barracks, Savannah, Georgia". Cartographic and Architectural Records. National Archives and Records Administration. July 17, 1850. National Archives Identifier: 353683928. Retrieved November 29, 2024.
  30. ↑ Vincent, Edward A. (1853). ''Vincent's Subdivision Map of City of Savannah, Chatham County, State of Georgia: shewing all the public buildings, lots, wards, etc. together with all the latest improvements from surveys and authentic records''. New York, NY. Cartographic and Architectural Division, National Archives II, College Park, MD. Record Group 77, Civil Works Map, File N 73 (2 sheets, oversized). Digitized scans received via email April 30, 2025.
  31. ↑ "Colton's the City of Savannah, Georgia, and the City of Charleston, South Carolina". digital.tcl.sc.edu. Retrieved 2025-02-19.
  32. ↑ "Item 1: Letters patent appointing Matthew McAllister U.S. Attorney for the District of Georgia". Georgia Historical Society | ArchivEra (Final). Retrieved 2025-02-09.
  33. ↑ "Savannah City Exchange Plaque". Georgia Historical Society | ArchivEra (Final). Retrieved 2025-02-09.
  34. ↑ Hardee, Charles Seton Henry (1928). Reminiscences and Recollections of Old Savannah. Savannah. pp. 38–44.
  35. ↑ Georgia, Digital Library of. "Daily Savannah republican. (Savannah, Ga.) 1829-1839, March 03, 1836, Image 3". Daily Savannah Republican: Col 6.
  36. ↑ "Value of 1861 dollars today | Inflation Calculator". www.in2013dollars.com. Retrieved 2025-12-01.
  37. ↑ City of Savannah Municipal Archives (1939-1940). "Lloyd Ward, Sheet 134". Savannah Cadastral Survey – Ward Survey Maps. Record Series 3121-019. Digital Library of Georgia. https://dlg.usg.edu/record/gsg_scswsm_scswsm-3121-019-sheet-134. Retrieved 2025-11-30.
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