Cardiovascular risk screening

Cardiovascular risk screening refers to the process of assessing an individual's likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases. The main aim of screening is to identify risk factors early and adopt preventive measures to reduce morbidity and mortality. ^{[1] [2]} Early identification of risk factors can lead to timely interventions, such as lifestyle changes, medications, or surgical treatment. This approach helps in reducing the incidence of major cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke. ^[3]

Common risk factors

Key risk factors that are evaluated during cardiovascular risk screening include: ^[4]

• Hypertension
• Hyperlipidemia
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Physical inactivity
• Unhealthy diet
• Family history of cardiovascular diseases
• Age (Men over 45 and women over 55 are at higher risk)
• Gender (Men are generally at higher risk, though postmenopausal women are also vulnerable)

Screening methods

Cardiovascular risk screening typically involves a combination of clinical assessments, laboratory tests, and lifestyle evaluations. Commonly used methods include: ^[5]

• Blood Pressure Measurement
• Lipid Profile Test
• Blood Glucose Test
• Body Mass Index (BMI)
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Risk Assessment Tools such as the Framingham Risk Score and QRISK help to evaluate the cardiovascular risk.

Challenges

There are several challenges including: ^{[6] [7]}

• Lack of awareness
• Access to healthcare
• Cost

References

1. Le Goff, Delphine; Perraud, Gabriel; Aujoulat, Paul; Deriennic, Jeremy; Guillou, Morgane; Barais, Marie; Le Reste, Jean-Yves (2023-01-16). "Screening for cardiovascular risk in the general population: The SPICES implementation survey". Frontiers in Medicine. 9 1058090. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1058090 . ISSN   2296-858X. PMC   9885854 . PMID   36726352.
2. "Screening Programs: WHO" (PDF).
3. Rippe, James M. (2018-12-02). "Lifestyle Strategies for Risk Factor Reduction, Prevention, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease". American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine. 13 (2): 204–212. doi:10.1177/1559827618812395. ISSN   1559-8276. PMC   6378495 . PMID   30800027.
4. "Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)". www.who.int. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
5. "Heart-Health Screenings". www.heart.org. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
6. Patel, Kiran CR; Minhas, Rubin; Lincoln, Paul; Dhillon, Ranjit K (2008-03-01). "Strategic challenges in the prevention of cardiovascular disease". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 101 (3): 105–107. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070430. ISSN   0141-0768. PMC   2270252 . PMID   18344465.
7. "The CVD Challenge in England". British Heart Foundation. Retrieved 2024-09-07.