Carlo Arnaudi (23 May 1899 –23 April 1970) was an Italian microbiologist and socialist politician,who served as the first minister for science of Italy and was one of the members of the Italian Senate. [1] He is also known for his studies in the field of microbiology which produced the discovery of certain steroid-conversion processes in microorganisms. [2]
Arnaudi was born in Turin on 23 May 1899. [3] He worked as professor of microbiology at the University of Milan. [4] He was the head of Istituto Microbiologia Agraria e Tecnica. [1] In 1940,he launched a scientific journal on microbiology,namely Annali di Microbiologia. [1] He was the major political supporter of the International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics (ILGB) that was founded in Naples in 1962. [5] He also headed the Casa della Cultura in Milan. [6]
He also served as senator. [7] He was appointed minister for scientific research to the center-left coalition government led by Prime Minister Aldo Moro in December 1963. [3] [8] He proposed that the ministry should be institutionalized in order to make it more effective in coordinating research activities. [9] However,this proposal led to severe criticisms due to power struggle among the ministers. [9] After serving in the post in the second cabinet of Aldo Moro,Carlo Arnaudi was removed from office in a cabinet reshuffle in February 1966. [3] [8] He died in Milan on 23 April 1970. [3]
Francesco Maurizio Cossiga was an Italian politician. A member of Christian Democracy,he was prime minister of Italy from 1979 to 1980 and the president of Italy from 1985 to 1992. Cossiga is widely considered one of the most prominent and influential politicians of the First Italian Republic.
Aldo Romeo Luigi Moro was an Italian statesman and prominent member of Christian Democracy (DC) and its centre-left wing. He served as prime minister of Italy in five terms from December 1963 to June 1968 and from November 1974 to July 1976.
Mariano Rumor was an Italian politician and statesman. A member of the Christian Democracy (DC),he served as the 39th prime minister of Italy from December 1968 to August 1970 and again from July 1973 to November 1974. As prime minister,he led five different governments,supported by various coalitions.
Amintore Fanfani was an Italian politician and statesman,who served as 32nd prime minister of Italy for five separate terms. He was one of the best-known Italian politicians after the Second World War and a historical figure of the left-wing faction of Christian Democracy. He is also considered one of the founders of the modern Italian centre-left.
Giulio Andreotti was an Italian politician and statesman who served as the 41st prime minister of Italy in seven governments,and was leader of the Christian Democracy party and its right-wing;he was the sixth-longest-serving prime minister since the Italian unification and the second-longest-serving post-war prime minister. Andreotti is widely considered the most powerful and prominent politician of the First Republic.
Giovanni Leone was an Italian politician,jurist and university professor. A founding member of Christian Democracy (DC),Leone served as the president of Italy from December 1971 until June 1978. He also briefly served as Prime Minister of Italy from June to December 1963 and again from June to December 1968. He was also the president of the Chamber of Deputies from May 1955 until June 1963.
Giuseppe Saragat was an Italian politician and statesman who served as the president of Italy from 1964 to 1971.
Carmine "Mino" Pecorelli was an Italian journalist,shot dead in Rome a year after former prime minister Aldo Moro's 1978 kidnapping and subsequent killing. He was described as a "maverick journalist with excellent secret service contacts". According to Pecorelli,Aldo Moro's kidnapping had been organized by a "lucid superpower" and was inspired by the "logic of Yalta". Pecorelli's name was on Licio Gelli's list of Propaganda Due (P2) masonic members,discovered in 1980 by the Italian police.
In Italy,the phrase Years of Lead refers to a period of political violence and social upheaval that lasted from the late 1960s until the late 1980s,marked by a wave of both far-left and far-right incidents of political terrorism and violent clashes.
Giovanni Marcora was an Italian businessman,politician and minister.
The Legislature VII of Italy was the 7th legislature of the Italian Republic,and lasted from 5 July 1976 until 19 June 1979. Its composition was the one resulting from the general election of 20 June 1976.
The kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro,also referred to in Italy as the Moro case,was a seminal event in Italian political history. On the morning of 16 March 1978,the day on which a new cabinet led by Giulio Andreotti was to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament,the car of Aldo Moro,former prime minister and then president of the Christian Democracy party,was assaulted by a group of far-left terrorists known as the Red Brigades in via Fani in Rome. Firing automatic weapons,the terrorists killed Moro's bodyguards —two Carabinieri in Moro's car and three policemen in the following car —and kidnapped him. The events remain a national trauma. Ezio Mauro of La Repubblica described the events as Italy's 9/11. While Italy was not the sole European country to experience extremist terrorism,which also occurred in France,Germany,Ireland,and Spain,the murder of Moro was the apogee of Italy's Years of Lead.
Antonio Bisaglia was an Italian politician,a member of Christian Democracy.
The Red Brigades was an Italian Marxist–Leninist armed terrorist guerilla group. It was responsible for numerous violent incidents during Italy's Years of Lead,including the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro in 1978. A former prime minister of Italy through the Organic centre-left,the murder of Aldo Moro was widely condemned,as was the murder of left-wing trade unionist Guido Rossa in January 1979. Sandro Pertini,the then left-wing president of Italy,said at Rossa's funeral:"It is not the President of the Republic speaking,but comrade Pertini. I knew [the real] red brigades:they fought with me against the fascists,not against democrats. For shame!"
Paul VI:The Pope in the Tempest is a 2008 Italian television movie directed by Fabrizio Costa. The film is based on real life events of Roman Catholic Pope Paul VI.
Carlo Schanzer was a Vienna-born Italian jurist and politician. He held several cabinet posts from 1906 to 1922.
Giovanni Pieraccini was an Italian journalist and socialist politician who was a member of the Italian Socialist Party. Started his political career in 1948 Pieraccini served in different cabinet posts in the period 1963–1974.
Edgardo Lami Starnuti was an Italian lawyer and politician. He was a member of Italian Senate for the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI). He also served as the minister of state holdings and minister of industry and commerce.
Mario Pedini (1918–2003) was an Italian politician who was a member of the Christian Democrats. He served at the Italian Parliament and Italian Senate. He held different ministerial posts and was one of the early members of the European Parliament.
Leopoldo Rubinacci was an Italian politician,lawyer and trade unionist. He was a member of the Christian Democracy and held various cabinet posts,including minister of labor and social security and minister of scientific research.
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