Carolyn Marino Malone is an American medievalist and academic. She is professor of art history and history at USC Dornsife College, Los Angeles, California, [1] with a PhD in Art History and Medieval Studies (1973) from the University of California, Berkeley. Her research interests are English and French Romanesque and Gothic architecture and sculpture. [2] [3] She has published books on sculptural finds at Canterbury Cathedral, the abbey of St Bénigne in Dijon, the façade of Wells Cathedral, and monastic life in the Middle Ages. She served as Vice-President (1996-1997) and President (1999) of Art Historians of Southern California; [4] Domestic Advisor to the Board of Directors of the International Center of Medieval Art (1984-1987); [5] and was on the board of directors of the Medieval Association of the Pacific (1986-1989). [6] She is a member of the Society of Architectural Historians. [7]
Malone spent her childhood in Kansas, USA. In 1963 she went to Paris to study at the French Language Institute, followed by a Junior Year in Bordeaux in 1964. She took her first degree at the University of Kansas, Lawrence (BA History of Art, 1966), then went on to the University of California, Berkeley (MA, 1968), [1] with a thesis on “Monastic Planning After the Plan of St. Gall: Tradition and Change” [8] (advisor Walter Horn), followed by PhD research, completed in 1973, with a dissertation on 'West English Gothic Architecture: 1175-1250'. [9] Her advisor was the French art historian and specialist in Gothic architecture, Jean Bony. [10]
Her first academic appointment was as visiting lecturer in the Department of Art History, University of Michican, Ann Arbor (1972), followed by a Visiting Lecturer post at Harvard University (Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, 1973). [1] Three assistant professor posts followed, at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst (1974), Vassar College (1974-1975), and Princeton University (1975-1981). [1] Moving on to the University of Southern California, she was assistant professor in the School of Fine Arts (1981-1983), then associate professor, History of Art, (1984-2008), and then professor and chair of art history (2009-2012). [11] A secondary appointment in parallel with this was Professor, History of Art, also at USC (2008-2019).
Malone has received numerous fellowships and awards throughout her career, including two from the University of Kansas in the 1960s, three from the University of California, Berkeley, in the 1960s and 1970s, and two from the Courtauld Institute of Art in London (the Samuel H. Kress Foundation Art Fellowship, 1969-1970, renewed for 1970-1971). [12] Photographs by her are held in the Conway Library archive [13] at the Courtauld, which is currently undergoing a digitisation project, Courtauld Connects. Post-doctoral awards included an Andrew Mellon Post-Doctoral Fellowship from the University of Pittsburgh, 1980-1981, and an American Council of Learned Societies Fellowship for Research on English Gothic, 1981. [10]
She received three awards for research on her book on St Bénigne (1998 and 2002). While at Princeton, she received a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to support an archaeological investigation of Saint Benigne, Dijon, France, an 11th century church. [14]
She was awarded a grant while at USC by the Albert and Elaine Borchard Foundation Grant to organise a conference on "Medieval Customaries and Monastic Life" in 2007. [15]
She was awarded the Elliot Prize from the Medieval Academy of America in 1982. [16] [17]
Malone was awarded the USC Phi Kappa Phi Faculty Recognition Award in 2010 for her book, Saint-Bénigne de Dijon en l’an mil. [18]
Facade as Spectacle: Ritual and Ideology at Wells Cathedral (2004), in which she interprets the Gothic façade of Wells as part of political discourse and liturgical innovation in England around 1220. [19]
Two books on the pre-Romanesque church of Saint-Bénigne, built between 1001 and 1018 in Dijon, France: Saint-Bénigne et sa rotonde: archéologie d’une église bourguignonne de l’an mil (2008) [20] and Saint-Bénigne de Dijon en l’an mil, “totius Galliae basilicis mirabiliorem”: Interprétation politique, liturgique et théologique (2009, [21] digital version 2016). Malone is currently working on a Digital Archives Project documenting her 1970s excavations of the building.
In Twelfth-Century Sculptural Finds at Canterbury Cathedral and the Cult of Thomas Becket (2019) [22] [23] Malone reconstructs finds from the restoration of the Perpendicular Cloister as architectural screens that were built around the time of Becket’s canonisation (1173) to manage pilgrimage to his tomb and the site of his assassination. In doing so, Malone was the first person to study the way in which the crowds of pilgrims to Canterbury were accommodated during the fifty years before Becket’s body was moved from the crypt to a shrine in the Trinity Chapel. Reconstruction of these screens provides new evidence about early pilgrimage in a monastic site, and also establishes unusual sculptural activity during a previously unknown building phase at Canterbury Cathedral. [24]
Malone was co-editor, with Clark Maines, of Consuetudines et Regulae: Sources for Monastic Life in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period (2014). [25]
'Architecture as Evidence for Liturgical Performance' in Understanding Medieval Liturgy: Essays in Interpretation, London: Routledge, 2016. [26]
'Les implications sensorielles de l'architecture et de la liturgie au Moyen Âge' in Les Cinq Sens au Moyen Âge, Paris: Editions du Cerf, 2016. [27]
'Interprétation des pratiques liturgiques à Saint Bénigne de Dijon d’après ses coutumiers d’inspiration clunisienne' in Dead of Nightand End of Day, Disciplina monastica, Turnhout: Brepols, 2005). [28]
'Cistercian Design in the Choir and Transept of Wells Cathedral' in Perspectives for an Architecture of Solitude, Essays on Cistercians, Art and Architecture in Honour of Peter Fergusson, Turnhout & Citeaux, 2004. [29]
'Saint-Bénigne in Dijon as Exemplum of Rodulfus Glaber’s Metaphoric ‘White Mantle’ in The White Mantle of Churches, Turnhout: Brepols, 2003.
'L'espace occidental et la contre abside de l'an mil de Saint Bénigne de Dijon' in Avant-nefs et espaces d’accueil dans l’Eglise entre le IVe et XIIe siècle, Auxerre, 2002.
'L'église de Guillaume de Volpiano et sa lien avec la rotonde' in Guillaume de Volpiano et l'architecture des rotondes: Actes du Colloque Europeen, Guillaume de Volpiano, Dijon, 1996.
'The Plan and its Effect on Later Monastic Planning' (with W. Horn) in Walter Horn, The Plan of St. Gall, A Study in the Architecture, Economy, and Life of a Paradigmatic Carolingian Monastery, Berkeley, California, 1979.
Thomas Becket, also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London and later Thomas à Becket, served as Lord Chancellor from 1155 to 1162, and then notably as Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his death in 1170. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the King in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion.
Canterbury Cathedral is the cathedral of the archbishop of Canterbury, the leader of the Church of England and symbolic leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Located in Canterbury, Kent, it is one of the oldest Christian structures in England and forms part of a World Heritage Site. Its formal title is the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Christ, Canterbury.
Robert II, called the Pious or the Wise, was King of the Franks from 996 to 1031, the second from the Capetian dynasty. Crowned Junior King in 987, he assisted his father on military matters. His solid education, provided by Gerbert of Aurillac in Reims, allowed him to deal with religious questions of which he quickly became the guarantor. Continuing the political work of his father, after becoming sole ruler in 996, he managed to maintain the alliance with the Duchy of Normandy and the County of Anjou and thus was able to contain the ambitions of Count Odo II of Blois.
Richard was a medieval Benedictine monk and Archbishop of Canterbury. Employed by Thomas Becket immediately before Becket's death, Richard arranged for Becket to be buried in Canterbury Cathedral and eventually succeeded Becket at Canterbury in a contentious election. Much of Richard's time as archbishop was spent in a dispute with Roger de Pont L'Evêque, the Archbishop of York over the primacy of England, and with St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury over the archbishop's jurisdiction over the abbey. Richard had better relations with King Henry II of England than Becket had, and was employed by the king on diplomatic affairs. Richard also had the trust of the papacy, and served as a judge for the papacy. Several of his questions to Pope Alexander III were collected into the Decretals, a collection of ecclesiastical laws, and his patronage of canon lawyers did much to advance the study of canon law in England.
Geoffrey Ridel was the nineteenth Lord Chancellor of England, from 1162 to 1173.
The Antiphonary tonary missal of St. Benigne was written in the last years of the 10th century, when the Abbot William of Volpiano at St. Benignus of Dijon reformed the liturgy of several monasteries in Burgundy. The chant manuscript records mainly Western plainchant of the Roman-Frankish proper Mass and part of the chant sung during the matins, but unlike the common form of the Gradual and of the Antiphonary, William organized his manuscript according to the chant genre, and these sections were subdivided into eight parts according to the octoechos. This disposition followed the order of a tonary, but William of Volpiano wrote not only the incipits of the classified chant, he wrote the complete chant text with the music in central French neumes which were still written in campo aperto, and added a second alphabetic notation of his own invention for the melodic structure of the codified chant.
Hugh de Puiset was a medieval Bishop of Durham and Chief Justiciar of England under King Richard I. He was the nephew of King Stephen of England and Henry of Blois, who both assisted Hugh's ecclesiastical career. He held the office of treasurer of York for a number of years, which led him into conflict with Henry Murdac, Archbishop of York. In 1153, Hugh was elected bishop of Durham despite the opposition of Murdac.
Baldwin of Forde or Ford was Archbishop of Canterbury between 1185 and 1190. The son of a clergyman, he studied canon law and theology at Bologna and was tutor to Pope Eugene III's nephew before returning to England to serve successive bishops of Exeter. After becoming a Cistercian monk he was named abbot of his monastery at Forde and subsequently elected to the episcopate at Worcester. Before becoming a bishop, he wrote theological works and sermons, some of which have survived.
Reginald Fitz Jocelin was a medieval Bishop of Bath and an Archbishop of Canterbury-elect in England. A member of an Anglo-Norman noble family, he was the son of a bishop, and was educated in Italy. He was a household clerk for Thomas Becket, but by 1167 he was serving King Henry II of England. He was also a favourite of King Louis VII of France, who had him appointed abbot of the Abbey of Corbeil. After Reginald angered Becket while attempting to help negotiate a settlement between Becket and the king, Becket called him "that offspring of fornication, that enemy to the peace of the Church, that traitor." When he was elected as a bishop, the election was challenged by King Henry's eldest son, Henry the Young King, and Reginald was forced to go to Rome to be confirmed by Pope Alexander III. He attended the Third Lateran Council in 1179, and spent much of his time administering his diocese. He was elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1191, but died before he could be installed.
Gilbert Foliot was a medieval English monk and prelate, successively Abbot of Gloucester, Bishop of Hereford and Bishop of London. Born to an ecclesiastical family, he became a monk at Cluny Abbey in France at about the age of twenty. After holding two posts as prior in the Cluniac order he was appointed Abbot of Gloucester Abbey in 1139, a promotion influenced by his kinsman Miles of Gloucester. During his tenure as abbot he acquired additional land for the abbey, and may have helped to fabricate some charters—legal deeds attesting property ownership—to gain advantage in a dispute with the Archbishops of York. Although Foliot recognised Stephen as the King of England, he may have also sympathised with the Empress Matilda's claim to the throne. He joined Matilda's supporters after her forces captured Stephen, and continued to write letters in support of Matilda even after Stephen's release.
Hilary was a medieval bishop of Chichester in England. English by birth, he studied canon law and worked in Rome as a papal clerk. During his time there, he became acquainted with a number of ecclesiastics, including the future Pope Adrian IV, and the writer John of Salisbury. In England, he served as a clerk for Henry of Blois, who was the bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen of England. After Hilary's unsuccessful nomination to become Archbishop of York, Pope Eugene III compensated him by promoting him to the bishopric of Chichester in 1147.
Hugh Nonant was a medieval Bishop of Coventry in England. A great-nephew and nephew of two Bishops of Lisieux, he held the office of archdeacon in that diocese before serving successively Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury and King Henry II of England. Diplomatic successes earned him the nomination to Coventry, but diplomatic missions after his elevation led to a long delay before he was consecrated. After King Henry's death, Nonant served Henry's son, King Richard I, who rewarded him with the office of sheriff in three counties. Nonant replaced his monastic cathedral chapter with secular clergy, and attempted to persuade his fellow bishops to do the same, but was unsuccessful. When King Richard was captured and held for ransom, Nonant supported Prince John's efforts to seize power in England, but had to purchase Richard's favour when the king returned.
Hugh of Northwold was a medieval Bishop of Ely.
Bartholomew of Exeter was a medieval Bishop of Exeter. He came from Normandy and after being a clerk of the Archbishop of Canterbury, was made Archdeacon of Exeter in 1155. He became Bishop of Exeter in 1161. Known for his knowledge of canon law, he was involved in the Becket controversy after the appointment of Thomas Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury. After Becket's death, although he was frequently at the royal court, he mainly attended to his diocese. A number of works by him survive, including sermons and treatises on law and theology.
The Archdiocese of Dijon is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in France. The archepiscopal see is Dijon Cathedral, which is located in the city of Dijon. The diocese comprises the entire department of Côte-d'Or, in the Region of Bourgogne. Originally established as the Diocese of Dijon in 1731, and suffragan to the Archdiocese of Lyon, the diocese was elevated to the rank of archdiocese in 2002. The most significant jurisdiction change occurred after the Concordat of 1801, when the diocese annexed the department of Haute-Marne. In 1821, a papal bull re-established the Diocese of Langres. The current archbishop is Antoine Hérouard, appointed in 2022.
The medieval cathedrals of England, which date from between approximately 1040 and 1540, are a group of twenty-six buildings that constitute a major aspect of the country's artistic heritage and are among the most significant material symbols of Christianity. Though diverse in style, they are united by a common function. As cathedrals, each of these buildings serves as central church for an administrative region and houses the throne of a bishop. Each cathedral also serves as a regional centre and a focus of regional pride and affection.
Jay Rubenstein is an American historian of the Middle Ages.
Robert of Cricklade was a medieval English writer and prior of St Frideswide's Priory in Oxford. He was a native of Cricklade and taught before becoming a cleric. He wrote several theological works as well as a lost biography of Thomas Becket, the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury.
Nicolas-Joseph Wackenthaler was a French organist and composer.
Deborah Kahn is an American art historian, author, and academic, specializing in European Medieval art and architecture. She is an eminent figure in the study of Canterbury Cathedral collection. Kahn has acted as a consultant on sculpture and conservation to Canterbury Cathedral and Lincoln Cathedral. She became Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Art History at Columbia University from 1986 to 1987. She went on to work at Princeton University, from 1989 to 1991; before joining Boston University in 1996, where she is currently Associate Professor, in the department of art history. She is the author of two books, as well as numerous articles and conference papers.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires |journal=
(help){{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires |journal=
(help){{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires |journal=
(help){{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires |journal=
(help)