Catherine (Cat) Hobaiter | |
---|---|
Alma mater | University of St Andrews, UK |
Known for | gestural communication |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Primatology |
Institutions | University of St Andrews, UK Budongo Forest Reserve |
Thesis | Gestural communication in wild chimpanzees (2011) |
Doctoral advisor | Richard Byrne |
Catherine (Cat) Hobaiter is a British-Lebanese primatologist focusing on social behaviour in wild chimpanzees and involved in long-term studies of chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest Reserve in Uganda and the MoyenBafing National Park in Guinea. She is particularly interested in the role gestures play in communication. She is a Reader at the University of St Andrews.
Hobaiter is based at the University of St Andrews but spends considerable amounts of time on field research in Uganda. She gained tenure in 2013. [1]
Her undergraduate degree started her interest in comparative behaviour and contact with Richard Byrne from St Andrews University led to her first four months fieldwork looking for baboons in Budongo Forest Reserve, working from the Budongo Conservation Field Station. [2] She soon changed to studying wild gorillas and chimpanzees, and especially the Sonso chimpanzee group at the reserve that has been accustomed to humans since the 1990s. [3]
Her work has studied the use of gestures in communication by great apes, especially chimpanzees, in the wild. This requires filming gestures for detailed analysis and, prior to her work, this had been undertaken primarily in zoos or wildlife parks. [3] Her studies have gradually developed a catalogue of around 80 gestures that form a language common to several groups of wild apes, measured in terms of 'apparently satisfactory outcomes' (ASO) after assessing many records. [3] A citizen science project showed that some of the gestures are also understood by humans. [4] [5] Hobaiter is also involved in habituating a second group of chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, the Waibira group, which will allow wider comparisons of the use of gestures for communication in the wild. [3]
The film recordings also revealed other aspects of chimpanzee life, such as adoption of new tools for drinking. [6]
Her research now focuses on how human language evolved, through studying the use of gestures in both humans and great apes. [7] The idea that a gestural system could have evolved into a spoken language as used by humans, is controversial but study of the gestures used by children before they can speak, as well as gestures widespread among chimpanzees can provide information to inform the debate. [3]
She has been the author or co-author of over 65 scientific publications, including:
In 2016 she became vice president for Communications, International Primatological Society. [8]
Hobaiter was the guest on the BBC Radio 4 programme The Life Scientific in May 2018. [3]
In August 2020, Hobaiter was a guest on the BBC Radio 4 programme The Infinite Monkey Cage to discuss how understanding of chimpanzees has changed since the 1960s. [9]
Catherine (Cat) Hobaiter initially lived in Lebanon, returning to the UK when she was a child. [3] She studied B. Sc. Biological Sciences at the University of Edinburgh. After graduating she worked in commercial project management for a short time but then obtained funding for the doctoral research that marked the start of her academic career. [3] Her PhD was awarded by University of St Andrews in 2011. [10]
The chimpanzee, also known as simply the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed one. When its close relative the bonobo was more commonly known as the pygmy chimpanzee, this species was often called the common chimpanzee or the robust chimpanzee. The chimpanzee and the bonobo are the only species in the genus Pan. Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that Pan is a sister taxon to the human lineage and is humans' closest living relative. The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair, but has a bare face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. It is larger and more robust than the bonobo, weighing 40–70 kg (88–154 lb) for males and 27–50 kg (60–110 lb) for females and standing 150 cm.
Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians. Primates arose 85–55 million years ago first from small terrestrial mammals, which adapted to living in the trees of tropical forests: many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging environment, including large brains, visual acuity, color vision, a shoulder girdle allowing a large degree of movement in the shoulder joint, and dexterous hands. Primates range in size from Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, which weighs 30 g (1 oz), to the eastern gorilla, weighing over 200 kg (440 lb). There are 376–524 species of living primates, depending on which classification is used. New primate species continue to be discovered: over 25 species were described in the 2000s, 36 in the 2010s, and three in the 2020s.
Primatology is the scientific study of primates. It is a diverse discipline at the boundary between mammalogy and anthropology, and researchers can be found in academic departments of anatomy, anthropology, biology, medicine, psychology, veterinary sciences and zoology, as well as in animal sanctuaries, biomedical research facilities, museums and zoos. Primatologists study both living and extinct primates in their natural habitats and in laboratories by conducting field studies and experiments in order to understand aspects of their evolution and behavior.
Great ape personhood is a movement to extend personhood and some legal protections to the non-human members of the great ape family: bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.
Washoe was a female common chimpanzee who was the first non-human to learn to communicate using American Sign Language (ASL) as part of an animal research experiment on animal language acquisition.
Animal languages are forms of non-human animal communication that show similarities to human language. Animals communicate through a variety of signs, such as sounds or movements. Signing among animals may be considered a form of language if the inventory of signs is large enough. The signs are relatively arbitrary, and the animals seem to produce them with a degree of volition. In experimental tests, animal communication may also be evidenced through the use of lexigrams by chimpanzees and bonobos.
Research into great ape language has involved teaching chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans to communicate with humans and each other using sign language, physical tokens, lexigrams, and imitative human speech. Some primatologists argue that the use of these communication methods indicate primate "language" ability, though this depends on one's definition of language.
The Monkey World Ape Rescue Centre is a 65-acre (26.3 ha) ape and monkey sanctuary and rescue centre near Wool, Dorset, England.
The Mind of an Ape is a 1983 book by David Premack and his wife Ann James Premack. The authors argue that it is possible to teach language to (non-human) great apes. They write: "We now know that someone who comprehends speech must know language, even if he or she cannot produce it."
Marvel Apes is a four-issue limited series by comics publisher Marvel Comics which started publication in October 2008. The series is written by Karl Kesel with art by Ramon Bachs and covers by John Watson.
A talking animal or speaking animal is any non-human animal that can produce sounds or gestures resembling those of a human language. Several species or groups of animals have developed forms of communication which superficially resemble verbal language, however, these usually are not considered a language because they lack one or more of the defining characteristics, e.g. grammar, syntax, recursion, and displacement. Researchers have been successful in teaching some animals to make gestures similar to sign language, although whether this should be considered a language has been disputed.
Primate cognition is the study of the intellectual and behavioral skills of non-human primates, particularly in the fields of psychology, behavioral biology, primatology, and anthropology.
Chimps Inc. is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) animal sanctuary located at P-B Ranch near Bend, Oregon, United States.
Josep Call is a Spanish comparative psychologist specializing in primate cognition.
David Andrew Whiten, known as Andrew Whiten is a British zoologist and psychologist, Professor of Evolutionary and Developmental Psychology, and Professor Wardlaw Emeritus at University of St Andrews in Scotland. He is known for his research in social cognition, specifically on social learning, tradition and the evolution of culture, social Machiavellian intelligence, autism and imitation, as well as the behavioral ecology of sociality. In 1996, Whiten and his colleagues invented an artificial fruit that allowed to study learning in apes and humans.
Pointing is a gesture specifying a direction from a person's body, usually indicating a location, person, event, thing or idea. It typically is formed by extending the arm, hand, and index finger, although it may be functionally similar to other hand gestures. Types of pointing may be subdivided according to the intention of the person, as well as by the linguistic function it serves.
Caroline Asiimwe is an Ugandan veterinary and environment conservation leader and researcher. She engages the local population in a cooperative approach to preserve wildlife from illegal activities and ensure healthy ecosystems in Uganda.
Richard William Byrne is an Emeritus Professor in the School of Psychology and Neuroscience of the University of St Andrews.
Simone Susanne Pika is a German ethologist and primatologist investigating the evolution and development of language, cognition and plasticity by focusing on distinct model systems such as corvids, great apes, monkeys and dolphins. Since 2017, she co-directs the Ozouga Chimpanzee Project, Loango National Park in Gabon. She is a full professor at the Institute of Cognitive Science, Osnabrück University, Germany.