Centaure (rocket)

Last updated
Centaure
Centaure.jpeg
Centaur rocket
Country of originFrance [1]
Applicationhigh altitude research
sounding rocket [2]

Centaure was a two-stage French sounding rocket consisting of a Venus first stage and a Belier second stage. [3] [4] [5] It belongs to a family of solid-propellant rockets consisting of the Belier, Centaure, Dragon, Dauphin, and Eridan. [4] [5]

Contents

Sud-Aviation Belier rockets evolution Sudav-belier-family.gif
Sud-Aviation Belier rockets evolution

It was operated by Sud-Aviation between 1961 and 1986. [3] [5] [6] Centaure rockets were launched from the CIEES/Hammaguir missile range, Reggane, CELPA, Salto di Quirra, Esrange, Thumba, Sonmiani, and Andøya. [5]

It had a maximum payload of 60 kg, an apogee of 130-146 km, [5] a launch thrust of 44 kN, a launch weight of 500-600 kg, a diameter of 0.28 m and a length of 5.9-6.3 m.

Versions

There were various versions of Centaure rockets: [4] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

VersionStagesGross mass (kg)Height (m)Diameter (m)Apogee (km)
CentaureVenus + Belier4576.020.28140
Centaure 1Venus + Belier6005.90.28130
Centaure 2AVenus + Belier II6005.90.28146
Centaure 2BVenus + Belier II5006.30.28146
Centaure 2CVenus + Belier II6005.90.28146

Launches

A large number of Centaure rockets was launched between 1961 and 1986: [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

DateLaunch SiteLaunch ComplexLaunch VehicleMission DescriptionNationAgencyApogee (km)
1961 May 27HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureTest missionFranceCNES130
1961 May 29HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureTest missionFranceCNES130
1961 December 6RegganeCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1961 December 6HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1961 December 9HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1961 December 9RegganeCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1961 December 9HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 May 18Ile du LevantCERESCentaureTest missionFranceCNES130
1962 May 29HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 May 29RegganeCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 May 29Ile du LevantCERESCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 June 5HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 June 5HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 June 5Ile du LevantCERESCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 June 5RegganeCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 June 5RegganeCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 November 26HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 November 27CELPACentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 November 28HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 November 30CELPACentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 November 30Ile du LevantCERESCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 November 30HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 November 30HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 December 1HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureFAILURE: FailureFranceCNES0
1962 December 4HammaguiraCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 December 8CELPACentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 December 9CELPACentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 December 12Ile du LevantCERESCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1962 December 12Ile du LevantCERESCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES130
1963 April 1KerguelenCentaureIonosphere missionFranceCNES130
1963 May 14HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1963 May 15CentaureMPE Ba-3 Aeronomy missionFranceCNES155
1963 May 21RegganeCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1963 May 21Ile du LevantCERESCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1963 May 21HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureMPE Ba-4 Aeronomy missionFranceCNES125
1963 May 24HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1963 May 25CELPACentaureSodium cloud Aeronomy missionFranceCNES189
1963 May 30CELPACentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1963 May 30CELPACentaureAeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1981 February 4ThumbaCentaureLangmuir / E Field Ionosphere missionFranceISRO150
1982 January 30ThumbaCentaureLangmuir / E Field Ionosphere missionFranceISRO150
1986 March 7ThumbaCentaureD-region ionization comparison Aeronomy missionFranceISRO140
1963 June 12HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1963 June 13HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1963 June 14HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 February 9HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES170
1964 February 12HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 February 12HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 February 12HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 February 13HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES190
1964 February 13HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 February 14HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1MPE Ba-5 Aeronomy missionFranceCNES190
1964 February 15HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1MPE Ba-6 Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 April 11HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Sodium / TMA release Aeronomy missionFranceCNES151
1964 April 13HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Sodium / TMA release Aeronomy missionFranceCNES151
1964 May 4HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1CNET A testFranceCNES151
1964 May 8HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1CNET A testFranceCNES151
1964 May 10HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Seddon Aeronomy missionFranceCNES151
1964 May 10HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Sodium release Aeronomy missionFranceCNES151
1964 May 14HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Seddon Aeronomy missionFranceCNES151
1964 October 5HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1CNET B testFranceCNES150
1964 October 7HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1CNET B testFranceCNES150
1964 October 29Ile du LevantCERESCentaure 1ESRO C02 / 1 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO150
1964 November 4CELPACentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCONAE175
1964 November 5HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Sodium release Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 November 5HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1TMA Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 November 5RegganeCentaure 1Sodium release Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 November 5Ile du LevantCERESCentaure 1TMA Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 November 5RegganeCentaure 1Sodium release Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 November 5CELPACentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCONAE176
1964 November 6Ile du LevantCERESCentaure 1TMA Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 November 6RegganeCentaure 1Sodium / TMA release Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1964 November 6CELPACentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCONAE179
1964 November 27HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1MPE Ba-9 Aeronomy missionFranceCNES166
1964 November 30HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1MPE Ba-10 Aeronomy missionFranceCNES207
1965 March 4HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1SINTRA pointing Solar missionFranceCNES120
1965 April 28ThumbaCentaure 1ISRO 15.02 Aeronomy / ionosphere missionIndiaISRO150
1965 May 1ThumbaCentaure 1ISRO 15.01 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO140
1965 June 22HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Cs Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1965 June 23HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Sodium release Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1965 June 23Ile du LevantCERESCentaure 1Sodium release Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1965 June 23Ile du LevantCERESCentaure 1TMA Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1965 June 23HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1TMA Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1965 June 24Ile du LevantCERESCentaure 1TMA Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1965 June 24Ile du LevantCERESCentaure 1Sodium release Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1965 June 24RegganeCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1965 June 24HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1TMA Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1965 November 18HammaguiraHammaguira BecharCentaure 1MPE Ba-14 Aeronomy missionFranceCNES170
1965 November 19HammaguiraHammaguira BecharCentaure 1MPE Ba-15 Aeronomy missionFranceCNES190
1965 November 25CELPACentaure 1Aeronomy missionArgentina175
1965 November 25CELPACentaure 1Aeronomy missionArgentina175
1965 November 26CELPACentaure 1Aeronomy missionArgentina175
1965 December 7Salto di QuirraCentaure 1ESRO C07 / 1 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO150
1965 December 11Salto di QuirraCentaure 1ESRO C07 / 2 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO159
1965 December 14Salto di QuirraCentaure 1ESRO C06 / 1 Solar x-ray missionEuropeESRO159
1965 December 16HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1965 December 16HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Ionosphere missionFranceCNES150
1965 December 16HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Ionosphere missionFranceCNES150
1965 December 20HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Ionosphere missionFranceCNES150
1966 January 8ThumbaCentaure 1ISRO 15.03 Aeronomy / ionosphere missionIndiaISRO150
1966 January 17HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Ionosphere missionFranceCNES124
1966 February 4AndoyaCentaure 1ESRO C15 / 1 Aurora missionEuropeESRO120
1966 February 22AndoyaCentaure 1FAILURE: FailureEuropeESRO20
1966 February 23AndoyaCentaure 1ESRO C15 / 2 Aurora missionEuropeESRO115
1966 March 3HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Solar ultraviolet missionFranceCNES125
1966 March 9AndoyaCentaure 1ESRO C13 / 1 Aurora missionEuropeESRO94
1966 March 10AndoyaCentaure 1ESRO C13 / 2 Aurora missionEuropeESRO114
1966 March 24ThumbaCentaure 1ISRO 15.04 Aeronomy missionIndiaISRO163
1966 March 24ThumbaCentaure 1ISRO 15.05 Aeronomy missionIndiaISRO159
1966 May 15Nissaki-KarystosCentaure 1ESRO C06 / 2 Solar x-ray missionEuropeESRO140
1966 May 20Nissaki-KarystosCentaure 1ESRO C22 / 1 Solar ultraviolet missionEuropeESRO118
1966 May 20KoroniCentaure 1ESRO C22 / 2 Solar ultraviolet missionEuropeESRO114
1966 June 13HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Sodium release / Turbulence Aeronomy missionFranceCNES180
1966 June 16HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1Sodium release / Turbulence Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1966 October 8HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1FU-109 testFranceCNES150
1966 November 14HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1FU-167 Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1966 November 14HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1FU-167 Aeronomy missionFranceCNES150
1966 November 19KirunaKiruna CCentaure 1ESRO C21 / 1 Aurora / chemical release missionEuropeESRO123
1966 November 29KirunaKiruna CCentaure 1ESRO C9 / 2 Aurora missionEuropeESRO149
1966 November 30KirunaKiruna CCentaure 1ESRO C9 / 1 Aurora missionEuropeESRO147
1967 February 4KirunaKiruna CCentaure 1ESRO C21 / 2 Aurora / chemical releaseEuropeESRO78
1967 February 16KirunaKiruna CCentaure 1ESRO C10 / 1 IonosphereEuropeESRO96
1967 February 22KirunaKiruna CCentaure 1ESRO C10 / 2 IonosphereEuropeESRO98
1967 March 28HammaguiraHammaguira BacchusCentaure 1CNES C145 AeronomyFranceCNES90
1967 April 19Thumba-Centaure 1ISRO 45.01 IonosphereIndiaISRO79
1967 May 3Sonmiani-Centaure 1AeronomyPakistanCNES, SUPARCO90
1967 May 7Sonmiani-Centaure 1AeronomyPakistanCNES, SUPARCO90
1967 September 6CELPA-Centaure 1Nation: ArgentinaArgentinaCNIE90
1967 September 7CELPA-Centaure 1Nation: ArgentinaArgentinaCNIE90
1967 November 7CELPA-Centaure 1Aeronomy missionFranceCNES90
1967 November 26KirunaKiruna CCentaure 1ESRO C31 / 1 IonosphereEuropeESRO77
1967 December 6KirunaKiruna CCentaure 1ESRO C31 / 2 IonosphereEuropeESRO80
1968 February 2Thumba-Centaure 1ISRO 15.06 AeronomyIndiaISRO98
1968 February 21Thumba-Centaure 1ISRO 25.02 AeronomyIndiaISRO84
1968 February 22Thumba-Centaure 1ISRO 25.01 AeronomyIndiaISRO95
1968 March 23Sonmiani-Centaure 1AeronomyPakistanSUPARCO81
1968 April 3Sonmiani-Centaure 1AeronomyPakistanSUPARCO73
1968 May 8Salto di Quirra-Centaure 1ESRO C33 / 1 IonosphereEuropeESRO32
1968 May 15Salto di Quirra-Centaure 1ESRO C33 / 2 IonosphereEuropeESRO49
1968 November 3Thumba-Centaure 1ISRO 35.01 X-ray astronomyIndiaISRO98
1969 February 9Sonmiani-Centaure 1FAILUREPakistanSUPARCO34
1969 February 13Sonmiani-Centaure 1FAILUREPakistanSUPARCO7
1969 July 10Ile du Levant-Centaure 1CNES C81 AeronomyFranceCNES67
1969 July 10Ile du Levant-Centaure 1CNES C82 AeronomyFranceCNES70
1971 April 26El Arenosillo-Centaure 1INTA C-7101 AeronomyFranceCNES80
1971 May 26El Arenosillo-Centaure 1INTA C-7102 Aeronomy /ionosphereFranceCNES79
1971 May 27El Arenosillo-Centaure 1INTA C-7103 AeronomyFranceCNES78
1971 May 27El Arenosillo-Centaure 1INTA C-7104 AeronomyFranceCNES64
1971 September 13KourouKourou ALFSCentaure 1CNES C133 AeronomyFranceCNES90
1971 September 19KourouKourou ALFSCentaure 1CNES C132 AeronomyFranceCNES90
1971 September 19KourouKourou ALFSCentaure 1CNES C146 AeronomyFranceCNES90
1971 October 18KourouKourou ALFSCentaure 1CNES C154 / ISRO 5.13? Recovery testIndiaISRO90
1972 April 7Sonmiani-Centaure 1Aeronomy / ionospherePakistanSUPARCO90
1972 April 8Sonmiani-Centaure 1Aeronomy / ionospherePakistanSUPARCO90
1977 December 12El Arenosillo-Centaure 1IonosphereFranceINTA90
1977 December 16El Arenosillo-Centaure 1IonosphereFranceINTA90
1969 February 26ThumbaCentaure 2AISRO 45.02 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO145
1969 March 31SonmianiCentaure 2ARehnuma 1 Aeronomy missionPakistanSUPARCO138
1969 December 7ThumbaCentaure 2AISRO 45.03 Test / ionosphere / x-ray astronomy missionIndiaISRO123
1971 January 7ThumbaCentaure 2AFAILURE: FailureIndiaISRO10
1972 August 12ThumbaCentaure 2AISRO 5.14 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO150
1972 August 17ThumbaCentaure 2AISRO 5.16 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO151
1972 October 13ThumbaCentaure 2AISRO 5.17 Fields missionIndiaISRO120
1973 January 21ThumbaCentaure 2AISRO 5.15 Fields missionIndiaISRO165
1973 February 2ThumbaCentaure 2AISRO 5.18 CO.07 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO147
1973 March 3ThumbaCentaure 2AISRO 5.19 Fields missionIndiaCNES, ISRO125
1973 April 11ThumbaCentaure 2AISRO 5.20 Fields missionIndiaISRO151
1973 July 4ThumbaCentaure 2AISRO 5.21 Fields missionIndiaISRO150
1967 April 19KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C24/1 testEuropeESRO123
1967 July 31KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C20 / 1 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO127
1967 July 31KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C32 / 1 Meteorite missionEuropeESRO130
1967 November 24KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C13 / P Ionosphere missionEuropeESRO160
1968 February 1KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C36 / 1 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO150
1968 February 4KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C36 / 2 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO146
1968 March 6KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C14 / P Ionosphere missionEuropeESRO155
1968 May 20KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C42 / 1 Meteorites missionEuropeESRO135
1968 June 7KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C42 / 2 Meteorites missionEuropeESRO138
1968 June 8KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C32 / 2 Meteorites missionEuropeESRO135
1968 July 30KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C20 / 2 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO135
1968 October 8KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C35 / 1 X-ray astronomy missionEuropeESRO140
1968 October 15KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C45 / 1 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO160
1968 November 1KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C45 / 2 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO167
1969 February 25Andoya-Centaure 2BESRO C49 / 1 (R3) Aurora missionEuropeESRO136
1969 February 25Andoya-Centaure 2BESRO C49 / 2 Aurora missionEuropeESRO128
1969 March 15KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C52 / 1 Aurora missionEuropeESRO136
1969 April 14KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C39 / 1 Aurora missionEuropeESRO5.00
1969 April 15KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C39 / 2 Aurora missionEuropeESRO134
1969 June 5KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C35 / 2 X-ray astronomy missionEuropeESRO130
1969 August 11KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C51 / 1 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO112
1969 August 14KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C58 / 1 Meteorites missionEuropeESRO112
1969 October 10KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C52 / 2 Aurora missionEuropeESRO135
1969 November 27KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C62 / 1 Aurora missionEuropeESRO160
1969 November 27KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C62 / 2 Aurora missionEuropeESRO164
1970 February 4KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C57 / 1 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO172
1970 February 23KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C37 / 1 MPE Ba Ionosphere / barium release missionEuropeESRO210
1970 April 3KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C57 / 2 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO173
1970 June 7KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C48 / 1 Solar ultraviolet missionEuropeESRO162
1970 August 9KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C58 / 2 Ionosphere / meteorites missionEuropeESRO114
1970 August 10KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C51 / 2 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO154
1970 August 19KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C48 / 2 Solar ultraviolet missionEuropeESRO163
1971 January 17KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C37 / 2 MPE Ba Ionosphere / barium release missionEuropeESRO215
1971 January 25KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C60 / 1 Chemical release / particles missionEuropeESRO175
1971 January 26KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C60 / 2 Chemical release / particles missionEuropeESRO167
1971 January 27KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C78 / 1 Aurora missionEuropeESRO140
1971 November 22KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2BESRO C78 / 2 Aurora missionEuropeESRO138
1975 February 9Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.23 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO150
1975 February 19Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.25 CO.04 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO160
1975 February 19Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.24 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO164
1975 April 21Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.26 CO.22 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO157
1975 April 21Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.27 CO.21 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO156
1976 February 29Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.29 Aeronomy / ionosphere missionIndiaISRO56
1976 March 24Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.30 Ionosphere / fields missionIndiaISRO142
1976 March 26Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.31 Ionosphere / fields missionIndiaISRO139
1976 April 18Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.32 Aeronomy / ionosphere missionIndiaISRO152
1976 July 27Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.33 testIndiaISRO97
1976 October 8Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.34 Plasma missionIndiaISRO120
1976 October 14Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.35 Plasma missionIndiaISRO0
1976 October 27Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.36 C-300 X-ray astronomy missionIndiaISRO148
1976 November 18Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.37 Ionosphere missionIndiaISRO128
1977 June 4Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO CO.40 Ionosphere missionFranceISRO150
1978 February 21Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO CO.47 Ionosphere missionFranceISRO150
1978 October 31Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO 5.49IndiaISRO150
1978 December 20Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO C.51 Ionosphere missionFranceISRO160
1978 December 21Thumba-Centaure 2BISRO CO.52 Ionosphere missionFranceISRO135
1979 February 21Thumba-Centaure 2B-IndiaISRO72
1979 November 15Thumba-Centaure 2BAST 2 Technology testIndiaISRO148
1980 February 16Thumba-Centaure 2BEclipse D1 Eclipse ionosphere missionFranceISRO140
1980 February 16Thumba-Centaure 2BEclipse D2 Eclipse ionosphere missionFranceISRO140
1980 February 16Thumba-Centaure 2BEclipse Ba / Li Eclipse aeronomy missionFranceISRO140
1980 February 17Thumba-Centaure 2BNO Photometer Aeronomy missionIndiaISRO150
1980 February 17Thumba-Centaure 2BEclipse D3 Eclipse ionosphere missionFranceISRO140
1980 February 18Thumba-Centaure 2BO3 Photometer Aeronomy missionFranceISRO100
1981 February 12Thumba-Centaure 2BLangmuir / E Field Ionosphere missionFranceISRO158
1971 July 31KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2CESRO C59/1 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO120
1971 August 1KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2CESRO C59/2 Aeronomy missionEuropeESRO119
1972 January 21KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2CESRO C76/1 Particles/Auroral missionEuropeESRO130
1972 January 22KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2CESRO C76/2 Particles/Auroral missionEuropeESRO131
1974 February 20KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2CSSC C111 / 1 Aurora missionSwedenSSC155
1974 February 20KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2CSSC C111 / 2 Aurora missionSwedenSSC152
1974 September 12KourouKourou ALFSCentaure 2CNO-II-1 Aeronomy missionBelgiumCNES140
1974 September 12KourouKourou ALFSCentaure 2CNO-II-2 Aeronomy missionBelgiumCNES140
1974 September 13KourouKourou ALFSCentaure 2CNO-II-3 Aeronomy missionBelgiumCNES140
1975 March 7KirunaKiruna CCentaure 2CSSC S13 Aeronomy missionSwedenSSC109

See also

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Lambda is the name of a series of Japanese carrier rockets. It consisted of the types Lambda 2, LS-A, LSC-3, Lambda 3, Lambda 4 and LS-C, developed jointly by Institute of Industrial Science of University of Tokyo, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of Tokyo University, and Prince Motor Company, which merged with Nissan in 1966.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</span> Indian spaceport

Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS),Thiruvananthapuram is an Indian spaceport established on 21 November 1963. Operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), it is located in Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, which is near the southwestern tip of mainland India, very close to Earth's magnetic equator. It is currently used by ISRO for launching sounding rockets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comparison of orbital launch systems</span>

This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or in development as of 2023; a second list includes all upcoming rockets and a third list includes all retired rockets For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astris (rocket stage)</span> Upper rocket stage

The Astris was an upper stage developed by ERNO Raumfahrttechnik GmbH and MBB as the third stage of the Europa 1 launch vehicle. It was the German contribution to the project and only flew activated four times. The high failure rate of the three and four stage rocket meant that the project was cancelled.

Small-lift launch vehicle Launch vehicle capable of lifting up to 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) into low Earth orbit

A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) or less or under 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb) of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles.

The Interarmy Special Vehicles Test Centre (CIEES) (French: Centre Interarmées d'Essais d'Engins Spéciaux) was France's first space launch and ballistic missile testing facility. Outside France, the facility is often referred to by the name of the nearest town, Hammaguir (also called Hammaguira). It was established on 24 April 1947, by ministerial decree as the Special Weapons Test Center (CEES, Centre d'essais d'engins spéciaux) for use by the French Army. In 1948, it was turned over to the French Air Force, who renamed it CIEES. Its remote location in the middle of the Saharan Desert and its relative closeness to the Equator (compared with Metropolitan France) made it an attractive launch site for missiles and orbital rockets.

CERESIle du Levant was a French suborbital rocket launch site, located at Ile du Levant, and active between 1956 and 1968. CERES played a pivotal role in testing a wide array of tactical missiles used in France, as well as conducting tests for sounding rockets on behalf of CNES and ESRO. Additionally, the center was involved in experiments with ONERA and SEREB experimental vehicles, solidifying its significance in the realm of missile research and testing.

References

  1. ↑ United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1965). Semiannual Report to the Congress. The Administration.
  2. ↑ STAR. NASA, Office of Scientific and Technical Information. 1967.
  3. 1 2 "Fusées-sondes Bélier, Centaure et Éridan | musée des Arts et Métiers". www.arts-et-metiers.net (in French). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  4. 1 2 3 "Centaure". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Wade, Mark. "Centaure". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  6. 1 2 3 "Centaure". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  7. 1 2 "Centaure 1". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  8. 1 2 "Centaure 2A". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  9. 1 2 "Centaure 2B". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
  10. 1 2 "Centaure 2C". www.astronautix.com. Retrieved 2023-09-05.
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