Umar ibn al-Khattab was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634. Umar was a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was also an expert Muslim jurist known for his pious and just nature, which earned him the epithet al-Fārūq. The title Amir al-Mu'minin was held by Umar ibn Khattab who was also the first one to be given this title.
Banu Abd Shams refers to a clan within the Meccan tribe of Quraysh.
The Rashidun are the first four caliphs who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa al-Taymi was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali.
Umm Kulthūm bint 'Alī, also known as Zaynab al-Ṣughrā, was the youngest daughter of Fatima and Ali ibn Abi Talib. The former was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the latter was his cousin. Ali is also recognized as the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Shia imam. A young Umm Kulthum lost her grandfather and mother in 632 CE. While she was still a child, the second Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab asked for her hand in marriage, which was resisted by Umm Kulthum and her father Ali, possibly due to Umar's reputation for harsh treatment of women. By one Sunni account, Ali finally agreed to the marriage when Umar enlisted the support of prominent Muslims for his proposal.
Zayd ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab was a son of the second caliph Umar and his wife Umm Kulthum bint Ali, a grandson of the fourth caliph Ali and Fatima and thus, a great-grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Banū Taym was a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. The first caliph, Abu Bakr, hailed from the Banu Taym, as did another prominent companion of Muhammad, Talha ibn Ubaydallah.
The ten to whom Paradise was promised were ten early Muslims to whom, according to Sunni Islamic tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad had promised Paradise.
The Muhajirun were the converts to Islam and the Islamic prophet Muhammad's advisors and relatives, who emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the event is known in Islam as the Hijra. The early Muslims from Medina are called the Ansar ("helpers").
Abu Muhammad Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib ibn Hazn al-Makhzumi was one of the foremost authorities of jurisprudence (fiqh) among the taba'een. He was based in Medina.
Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya, was the father of the founder of the Marwanid line of the Umayyad dynasty, Marwan I, and a paternal uncle of Caliph Uthman. He was known as a staunch opponent of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was consequently exiled when the latter captured their hometown of Mecca in 630. He was later pardoned by Uthman.
Asim ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab was the son of Jamila bint Thabit and Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Rashidun caliph. Asim was also a famous hadith scholar.
ʿAffān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ was a famous 6th-century Arab merchant, a contemporary of the young Muhammad and the father of Uthman ibn Affan, the third Rashidun caliph.
Sakhr ibn Harb ibn Umayya, commonly known by his kunyaAbu Sufyan, was a prominent opponent-turned companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He was the father of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I and namesake of the Sufyanid line of Umayyad caliphs which ruled from 661 to 684.
Omar/Umar/Omer is a masculine given name that has different origins in Arabic, Hebrew and German.
Abu Sa'id Aban ibn Uthman ibn Affan al-Umawi (Arabic: أَبُو سَعِيد أَبَان بْنُ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّان الأُمَوِيّ, romanized: Abū Saʿīd Abān ibn ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān al-Umawī; died 105 AH/723 CE) was a Muslim historian and traditionalist. He also served a seven-year stint as governor of Medina in 695–702, during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik.
Abu Uthman Amr ibn Uthman ibn Affan al-Umawi was a son of Caliph Uthman and played political and military roles during the caliphates of Mu'awiya I, Yazid I and Marwan I.
Sa'id ibn al-As ibn Abi Uhayha was the Muslim governor of Kufa under Caliph Uthman and governor of Medina under Caliph Mu'awiya I. Like the aforementioned caliphs, Sa'id belonged to the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh.
Ubayd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab was a son of Caliph Umar. His killing of Hormuzan, whom he suspected of involvement in his father's assassination in 644, and his pardon by Caliph Uthman was opposed by Ali, the cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. When Ali became caliph in 656, he refused Ubayd Allah's appeal to uphold Uthman's pardon, prompting Ubayd Allah to defect to Ali's principal enemy, the governor of Syria Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan. The latter made Ubayd Allah a commander of his elite battalion at the Battle of Siffin, where he was slain.
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