Chemical Warfare Service: Flame Tank Group Seabees
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The 117th Naval Construction Battalion insignia of the Seabees with the Flame Tank Group.Cross section through a CB-H1 flame throwerMarines use a "Satan" to incinerate a Japanese pillbox on Saipan. The CWS-POA-H1-H2 Shermans used on Iwo Jima had a flame throwing range of 150 yardsNight demonstration at Schofield Barracks 3 weeks prior to Iwo Jima.The Seabees' training model of a coaxial H1a-H5a flamethrower shown by Col Unmacht's staff to visitors would not see combat until Korea
During WWII Seabees of the 117th U.S. Naval Construction Battalion modified/created the main armament flame throwing tanks that were used in the Pacific theater by the USMC in the battles of Saipan, Tinian, and Iwo Jima; and the U.S. Army on Okinawa. They were a weapon Japanese troops feared and the Marine Corps said was the best weapon they had in the taking of Iwo Jima.[5] After Okinawa the Army stated that the tanks had a psychological presence on the battlefield. U.S. troops preferred to follow them over standard armor for the fear they put in the enemy.[6] The U.S. Army credits them with saving American lives.[7]
Pacific field commanders had tried field modified mechanized flame throwers early on,[8] with the Marine Corps deciding to leave further development to the Army. The Navy had an interest in flame throwing and five Navy Mark I flamethrowers arrived in Hawaii in April 1944. The Navy deemed them "unsuitable" due to their weight and turned them over to the Army's Chemical Warfare Service.[9] In May a top secret composite unit was assembled at Schofield Barracks.[10][11] It was led by Colonel Unmacht of the US Army Chemical Warfare Service, Central Pacific Area (CENPAC)[6][12] Col. Unmacht began the project with only the 43rd Chemical Laboratory Company. They modified the first light tank designating it a "Satan".[11] The flame tank group was expanded with men from the 5th Marine tank battalion and 25 from the 117th CB.[10] The newly attached Seabees went over what the Army had created and concluded it was a little over engineered. They recommended reducing the number of moving parts from over a hundred to a half dozen.
V Amphibious Corps (VAC) wanted mechanized flamethrowing capabilities for the Marianas operations. VAC had ordered and received two shipments of Canadian Ronson F.U.L. Mk IV flamethrowers (30 flamethrowers in total) to field modify tanks. With a war to wage, field modification was much quicker than going through official military procurement channels.[11] The 117th CB was assigned to the upcoming Saipan operation. Col Unmacht worked out an arrangement to not only keep the 117th Seabees he had, but get more. Augmented by the additional Seabees, the group worked sun up to sundown and, with Seabee can-do twenty-four M3s were modified to start the campaign.[12] The very first, made by the 43rd Co, was christened "Hells Afire".[13] The installation configuration of the flamethrower components limited the turret'straverse to 180°. As Satans were produced Colonel Unmacht had the Seabees conduct a comprehensive series of 40-hour classes on flame tank operation with first and second echelon maintenance. First, for officers and enlisted of the Marine Corps and then later for the Army.[14][12] The Satans had a range of 40–80yd (37–73m) and were the first tanks to have the main armament swapped for flame throwers. They were divided between the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions for Saipan and Tinian with Tinian being more favorable to their use.[12]
Four Seabees received Navy/Marine Corps commendations for their work from Lt. Gen. Holland M. Smith Commanding General(USMC) FMF Pacific.[10]
Mid-September the Army decided to officially form a CWS "Flame Thrower Group" with Col Unmacht requesting 56 additional Seabees.[13] The group included more Army CWS and 81st Ordnance men as well.[10] It was apparent that a larger flamethrower on a bigger tank would be more desirable, but very few tanks were available for conversion. Operation Detachment was next and Col Unmacht's group located eight M4A3 Sherman medium tanks for it.[7] The Seabees worked to combine the best elements from three different flame units: the Ronson, the Navy model I and those Navy Mk-1s the Navy gave up.[10]MMS1c A.A. Reiche and EM2c Joseph Kissel are credited with designing the CB-H1. Installation required 150lbs of welding rod, 1100 electrical connections, and cost between $20,000-25,000 per tank[10](adj. for inflation $288,000-$360,000 in 2019). The CB-H1 flamethrower operated on 300 psi, which gave it a range of 400ft (120m) -12 to +25° with a transverse 270°.[10] This model was quickly superseded by the CB-H2 which was far better, 150 yds.[2] EM2c Kissel and SF1c J.T. Patterson accompanied the tanks to oversee maintenance during the battle of Iwo Jima. Kissel filled in as an assistant driver/gunner with tank crews on 20 days of the operation.[13]
In November 1944, prior to the rave USMC reviews of Iwo Jima, the Fleet Marine Force had requested 54 mechanized flame throwers, nine for each of the Marine Corps divisions[15] On Iwo the tanks all landed on D-day and went into action on D+2, sparingly at first. As the battle progressed, portable flame units sustained casualty rates up to 92%, leaving few troops trained to use the weapon. More and more calls came for the Mark-1s to the point that the Marines became dependent upon the tanks and would hold up their assault until a flame tank was available.[6] Since each tank battalion had only four they were not assigned. Rather, they were "pooled" and would dispatch from their respective refueling locations as the battle progressed. One of the 4th Division tanks had a 50 cal. machine gun coaxial to the flamethrower as well as 4in (100mm) concrete armor to counter placement of magnetic charges. Towards the end of the battle, 5th Marine tanks used between 5,000 to 10,000USgal (19,000 to 38,000L) gallons per day.[6] When the battle was over the Marines credited the flame tanks as the single best weapon they had.[7] The eight flame tank crews received Presidential Unit Citations with their respective tank battalions.
For Okinawa the 10th Army decided that the entire 713th Tank Battalion would provisionally convert to flame.[16] The battalion was tasked to support both the Army and the Marine Corps assault. It was ordered to Schofield Barracks on 10 Nov. There the Seabees supervised three officers and 60 enlisted of the 713th convert all 54 of their tanks to Ronsons.[15][17] The Ronsons did not have the range of either the CB-H1 or CB-H2. The 10th Army had 170 Shermans with periscope flamethrowers on hand for Okinawa.[18] However, the CWS "Hawaiian-produced main armament flame throwers were preferred for their large fuel capacity and greater range".[18] The M4s with periscope mounts saw little use.[18] The 713th minus B Company received the Presidential Unit Citation (Army) for its actions on Okinawa. B Company received two Presidential Unit Citations (Navy), one for 1st platoon and the other to 2nd and 3rd platoons for actions with the 1st and 6th Marine Divisions.
In June 1945, the 43rd Chemical Lab. Co. had developed a stabilized flamethrower fuel (napalm). They oversaw CB construction of an activating plant that produced over 250,000 gallons.[13] The 713th went through 200,000 gallons on Okinawa. Also in June, the Army cancelled all further production orders for any more M4 Shermans. This caused Under Secretary of WarRobert P. Patterson to place an expedite on Col. Unmacht's production of flame tanks. They were given a "Triple A" procurement priority, the same given to the Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber and the Atomic bomb projects.[19]
Another 72 tanks were ordered by the Marine Corps for the planned invasion of Japan[6] of which Col. Unmacht's crews had 70 ready by Victory over Japan Day. In total Unmacht's Flame Tank Group Seabees produced 354 tanks.[20]
The military did not have uniform terminology for referencing mechanized flamethrowers until after VE day, so there is some wording variation in documents. The Seabees produced 11 different models of flame throwing tanks off three basic variations identified with a POA-CWS-H number[13]
"Primary" where the main armament was removed and replaced.
The first eight had Navy CB-H1 or CB-H2 flamethrowers. US Army Chemical Corps variously identified these tanks as POA-CWS-H1,[13] (Pacific Ocean Area-Chemical Warfare Section-Hawaii) CWS-POA-H2, CWS-POA-H1 H2, OR CWS-"75"-H1 H2 mechanized flamethrowers. US Marine and US Army observer documents from Iwo Jima refer to them as the CB-Mk-1 or CB-H1.[21] Marines on the lines simply called them the Mark I.[21] The official USMC designation was "M4A3R5".[21] The Japanese referred to them as M1 tanks and it is speculated that they did so due to a poor translation of "MH-1".[21]
The next 54 tanks had Ronson flamethrowers. That made them the third tank variant produced. Army records identify them as POA-CWS-H1s.
Some of these tanks were configured with an external 400-foot (120m) long hose supplying a M2-2 portable flamethrower that ground troops could use.[21] This variation could throw 40yd (37m) on terrain with up to a 45° slope. A drawback to this attachment was all the fuel it took to charge the hose line so it could fire, diminished the tank's overall effectiveness. Army documents post-war refer to this variation as being a CWS-POA-H1.[21]
1st Marine Tank Battalion parade at Camp Pendleton on 6 May 1949. POA-CWS-H5 flamethrower center.
"Auxiliary" where the flame thrower was mounted coaxial to the main armament. Eighteen of the first generation model were on the way to the 10th Army on Okinawa, but the island was taken before they arrived, so they were given to the 3rd Marine tank battalion on Guam.[22]
75mm main armament with Ronson
75mm main armament with H1-H5a
105mm main armament with Ronson
105mm main armament with H1a-H5a USMC designation M4A3E8.
The tanks produced in Hawaii all used bottled CO2 as the propellent that was discharged at 300 psi. The majority of H5 tanks were M4A3(105)HVSS Shermans. It was this type the Marine Corps had at Inchon in 1950.[23] In mid-1945 the Seabees started producing the second generation of these tanks. All H5a Shermans, with either 75mm or 105mm main armaments, were referred to as CWS-POA-5s.[23]
"Periscope Mount" This model was based upon work done by the U.S. Army at Fort Knox. The flame thrower was mounted through the assistant driver's hatch alongside their tank periscope which meant that the bow machine gun could be retained. 176 were produced.[24] Word spread that one of these tanks lost a crew when the flamethrower nozzle took a hit.[12] The Marine Corps did not want this design.[24]
The Marines preferred the CB tanks to any produced in the U.S. at that time.[26] The Marine Corps and Army both felt that the flame throwing tanks saved U.S. troops lives and kept the casualty numbers lower than they would have been had the tanks not been used.[12] They also agreed that they would need many for the invasion of the Japanese homeland.
Col. Unmacht 1946 Military Review flame tank article.[28]
Korea
A USMC M4A3R8 Sherman produced by the Flame Tank Group Seabees, in action in Korea. The tank number F-33 stands for: Flame tank 3rd squad 3rd tank.
Postwar the Army stood down the provisional 713th keeping few flame tanks.[21] When the Korean War broke out the Marine Corps put together nine CWS-POA-H5s from Pendelton and Hawaii out of the 26 flame tanks it had received during WWII. Together they formed a platoon, named the "Flame Dragons" attached to HQ 1st tank battalion.[29] They landed at Inchon in 1950 and were the only U.S. mechanized flame unit to be in Korea.[29] These tanks would first see combat on 15 September 1950 landing in the second wave on Wo-mido Island.[23] From there they would advance and participate in the First Battle of Seoul.[23] The Seabees work was outdated when upgraded flamethrowers were mounted in M67s in 1955.[23]
The Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II by the US military, was fought between the United States and Japan during the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign of World War II, from 15 September to 27 November 1944, on the island of Peleliu.
The Battle of Iwo Jima was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps (USMC) and United States Navy (USN) landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the island with its two airfields: South Field and Central Field.
A flamethrower is a ranged incendiary device designed to project a controllable jet of fire. First deployed by the Byzantine Empire in the 7th century AD, flamethrowers saw use in modern times during World War I, and more widely in World War II as a tactical weapon against fortifications.
A flame tank is a type of tank equipped with a flamethrower, most commonly used to supplement combined arms attacks against fortifications, confined spaces, or other obstacles. The type only reached significant use in the Second World War, during which the United States, Nazi Germany, Soviet Union, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom all produced flamethrower-equipped tanks.
The Amphibious Vehicle, Tracked (LVT) is an amphibious warfare vehicle and amphibious landing craft, introduced by the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. The United States Army, Canadian Army and British Army used several LVT models during World War II, and referred to those vehicles as "Landing Vehicle, Tracked."
The 3rd Marine Division is a division of the United States Marine Corps based at Camp Courtney, Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D. Butler in Okinawa, Japan. It is one of three active duty infantry divisions in the Marine Corps and together with the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1stMAW) and the 3rd Marine Logistics Group forms the III Marine Expeditionary Force. The division was first formed during World War II and saw four years of continuous combat in the Vietnam War. Today, elements of the 3rd Marine Division are continuously forward deployed and forward postured to carry out the US Government's mission of a Free and Open Indo-Pacific in conjunction with its sister services.
The 5th Marine Division was a United States Marine Corps ground combat division which was activated on 11 November 1943 at Camp Pendleton, California during World War II. The 5th Division saw its first combat action during the Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945 where it sustained the highest number of casualties of the three Marine divisions of the V Amphibious Corps. The 5th Division was to be part of the planned invasion of the Japan homeland before Japan surrendered. Assault troops of the 5th Division were included in the Presidential Unit Citation awarded to the V Amphibious Corps for extraordinary heroism on Iwo Jima from 19 to 28 February 1945. The 5th Division was deactivated on 5 February 1946.
Named after a famous lighter company, the "Ronson" flamethrower was developed for mechanized applications during World War II and used by the Canadian Army and the United States Marine Corps.
4th Tank Battalion was an armored battalion of the United States Marine Corps Reserve. Their primary weapon system was the M1A1 Abrams main battle tank and they were part of the 4th Marine Division and Marine Forces Reserve. The unit headquarters was at the Navy and Marine Corps Reserve Center San Diego, California, but other units in the battalion were located throughout the United States. Until the decision to divest the Marine Corps' armor capability, 4th Tank Battalion was the largest tank battalion in the US military with six lettered companies and an H&S Company.
The Civil Engineer Corps (CEC) is a staff corps of the United States Navy. CEC officers are professional engineers and architects, acquisitions specialists, and Seabee Combat Warfare Officers who qualify within Seabee units. They are responsible for executing and managing the planning, design, acquisition, construction, operation, and maintenance of the Navy's shore facilities. The Civil Engineer Corps is under the command of the Chief of Civil Engineers and Commander, Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command. On 12 August 2022, RADM Dean VanderLey relieved RADM John W. Korka, becoming the 46th commander of NAVFAC and Chief of Civil Engineers.
The Chemical Corps is the branch of the United States Army tasked with defending against and using chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of the United States federal government. It was made a permanent branch of the Regular Army by the National Defense Act of 1920. In 1945, it was redesignated the Chemical Corps.
When World War II broke out the United States Naval Construction Battalions (Seabees) did not exist. The logistics of a two theater war were daunting to conceive. Rear Admiral Moreell completely understood the issues. What needed to be done was build staging bases to take the war to the enemy, across both oceans, and create the construction force to do the work. Naval Construction Battalions were first conceived at Bureau of Yards and Docks (BuDocks) in the 1930s. The onset of hostilities clarified to Radm. Moreell the need for developing advance bases to project American power. The solution: tap the vast pool of skilled labor in the U.S. Put it in uniform to build anything, anywhere under any conditions and get the Marine Corps to train it. The first volunteers came skilled. To obtain these tradesmen, military age was waived to age 50. It was later found that several past 60 had managed to get in. Men were given advanced rank/pay based upon experience making the Seabees the highest paid group in the U.S. military. The first 60 battalions had an average age of 37.
The 3rd Tank Battalion was an armor battalion of the United States Marine Corps. It was formed during World War II and played a part in several Pacific island battles, most notably Iwo Jima, where its flame tanks played a key role in securing the island. After the war, the battalion was based at Camp Pendleton but remained inactive until the outbreak of the Korean War, eventually moving to Okinawa. Along with the 1st Tank Battalion, 3rd Tanks was involved in major combat operations in South Vietnam from 1965 to 1969. Afterwards it concentrated on desert warfare and fought in the first Gulf War in 1991. It was deactivated for the last time in 1992.
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The flame thrower tank M67 is an American flame tank that was briefly used by the U.S. Army, and later by the U.S. Marine Corps during the Vietnam War. It was the last flamethrower tank used in American military service.
William Robert Collins was a highly decorated officer of United States Marine Corps with the rank of major general. As lieutenant colonel, Collins distinguished himself as Tank Battalion Commander during Iwo Jima battle, but he is most noted for his service as commanding general of III Marine Expeditionary Force at the beginning of Vietnam War.
During WWII United States Naval Construction Battalions ("Seabees") modified/created all of the main armament flame throwing tanks that were used in the Pacific War: by USMC in the Battle of Saipan, Battle of Tinian, Battle of Iwo Jima, and by the U.S. Army in the Battle of Okinawa.
Naval Base Iwo Jima was a naval base built by United States Navy on the Japanese Volcano Island of Iwo Jima during and after the Battle of Iwo Jima, that started on February 19, 1945. The naval base was built to support the landings on Iwo Jima; the troops fighting on Iwo Jima; and the repair and expansion of the airfields on Iwo Jima. United States Navy Seabee built all the facilities on the island.
Naval Base Okinawa, now Naval Facility Okinawa, is a number of bases built after the Battle of Okinawa by United States Navy on Okinawa Island, Japan. The naval bases were built to support the landings on Okinawa on April 1, 1945, and the troops fighting on Okinawa. The Navy repaired and did expansion of the airfields on Okinawa. United States Navy Seabees built or repaired the facilities on the island. The bases on Okinawa put the United States Armed Forces only 350 miles from Japan's home islands. Most facilities closed after the war, but some are still in use today by all branches of the United States Armed Forces.
References
↑ 117th Naval Construction Battalion Cruisebook, NHHC, Seabee Museum website, Port Hueneme CA, Jan. 2020, p. 22,23
1 2 New Tanks for Old, USN CEC Bulletin Vol. 1, No. 1, Dec. 1946, BuDocks Navy Deot, U.S. GPO, Washington D.C., p. 53.
↑ Hellfire on the Hornet's Nest: Flamethrower Tanks at Bougainville, Steve Zaloga, Warfare History Network, April 2013
↑ Chapter: the Bitter End, CLOSING IN: Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima, Colonel Joseph H. Alexander, USMC (Ret), History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., 1994, p.37
1 2 3 4 5 Kelber, Brookes E.; Birdsell, Dale (1990), "Chapter XV, The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa"(PDF), United States Army in World War II, The Technical Services, The Chemical Warfare Service; Chemicals in Combat, Center of Military History United States Army, Washington DC, pp.558–583, 586
1 2 3 U.S. Army Flamethrower Vehicles (part 2), Captain John Ringquest, Army Chemical Review professional bulletin, Winter 2007, 14010 MSCoE Loop, Building 3201, Suite 2661, Fort Leonard Wood, MO., p. 26-28
↑ Armored Thunderbolt: The U.S. Sherman in World War II, Steve Zaloga, 2008
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 New Tanks for Old, U.S. Navy Civil Engineer Corps Bulletin Vol. 2 NAVDOCKS P-2, issue 14, January 1948, Bureau of BuDocks, Dept. of the Navy, p.51 (on line 21)
1 2 3 U.S. Army Flamethrower Vehicles (part 1), Captain John Ringquest, Army Chemical Review professional bulletin, July–December 2007, 14010 MSCoE Loop, Building 3201, Suite 2661, Fort Leonard Wood, MO., p. 29-33
1 2 3 4 5 6 CHAPTER XV, The Flame Thrower in the Pacific: Marianas to Okinawa, WWII Chemical in Combat, Dec 2001, p. 558
↑ Flamethrower Tanks on Okinawa, First Lieutenant Patrick J. Donahoe, Armor, PB- 17-94- I January–February 1994, Fort Knox, KY, p.7
↑ 1st Lt. Patrick J. Donahoe (1994), "Flamethrower Tanks on Okinawa", Armor, no.Jan-Feb 1994, U.S. Army Armor Center, Fort Knox, p.6{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
1 2 3 Chapter VII Flamethrowers, History of the Chemical Warfare Service (CMH Pub 10-2), U.S. GPO Washington D.C., Leo P. Brophy, Wyndham D. Miles, Rexmond C. Cochrane, June 1959, p.162
↑ History Friday: Mechanized Flame Weapons from the invasion That Never Happened, Chicagoboyz Blog archive, Trent Telenko, Nov 2013, chicagoboyz.net
↑ The Chemical Warfare Service: From the Laboratory to the Field, L.B. Brophy, W.D. Miled, R.C. Cochrane, of Military History, U.S. Army, Washington D.C., U.S. GPO, Washington D.C., 1959, p. 153
1 2 3 4 5 M4(105) and M4A3(105) Shermans, Sherman Minutia Website, Joe DeMarco, Leife Hulbert, and Pierre Olivier-Buan,
↑ Flamethrower Tanks in the Pacific Ocean Areas, Colonel George F. Unmacht, Chemical Warfare Service Chemical Officer. United States Army, Forces. Middle Pacific, Military Review, March 1946, Vol 25 No 12, p. 44-51, Combined Arms Research Library, created 2010-09-10,
1 2 Now They're Flame Dragons, chapt 50, Flame Dragons of the Korean War, Jerry Ravin & Jack Carty, Turner Publishing, 412 Broadway, Paducah, KY, 2003, p.222
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