Chhan, Sawai Madhopur

Last updated

Chhan
Jhain, Jhayin
village
India location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Chhan
India Rajasthan location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Chhan
Coordinates: 25°53′27″N76°28′56″E / 25.89077°N 76.48234°E / 25.89077; 76.48234
CountryIndia
State Rajasthan
District Sawai Madhopur
Tehsil Khandar
Area
[1]
 • Total2.5963 km2 (1.0024 sq mi)
Elevation
223 m (732 ft)
Population
 (2011) [1]
 • Total1,015
 • Density390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
Postal Index Number
322001
STD code01435

Chhan is a village in the Sawai Madhopur district of Rajasthan, India. It is identified with Jhain (or Jhayin), which is mentioned in the Delhi Sultanate chronicles as an important town of 13th and 14th century India.

Contents

History

Chhan is identified with the Jhain town mentioned in the Delhi Sultanate chronicles. [2] In the late 13th century, Jhain was a part of the Chahamana kingdom, and guarded the approaches to the kingdom's capital Ranthambore. [3]

According to the Delhi Sultanate chronicles, Jhain was renamed to Shahr-i Nau ("new town") in 1301. Therefore, historian Kishori Saran Lal (1950) speculated that Jhain may be the modern Naya Gaon (or Naigaon) village located near Ranthambore. [4] However, Satya Prakash Gupta (1975) identified Jhain with Chhan (or Chhain), located between Naya Gaon and Ranthambore, around 16 km from Naya Gaon. Gupta notes that according to the Mughal courtier Abul Fazl, the pass of Jhain led to Ranthambhore. This description fits Chhan, where the road to Ranthambore ascends the hills. [5] The Sultanate records also show that Jhain was located very close to Ranthambore: Jhain is located around 11 km south-east of Ranthambore. [6]

Khalji period

According to Miftah al-Futuh of the Delhi courtier Amir Khusrau, the Delhi Sultan Jalaluddin Khalji invaded Jhain in 1291. [7] When Jalaluddin came close to the Jhain fort, a Chahamana army led by Gardan Saini came out of the fort and fought the invaders. After the battle ended with a Delhi victory and Saini's death, the remaining Chahamana contingents stationed at Jhain evacuated the fort, and retreated to Ranthambore. [3] The invaders subsequently plundered Jhain, and dismantled the fort. [3] Jalaluddin admired the non-Islamic sculpture and carvings of Jhain, but being an iconoclast, he broke the idols. [8] The Miftah al-Futuh claims that this battle resulted in deaths of thousands of defenders, but only one Turkic soldier of Delhi was killed. [9]

According to Ziauddin Barani's Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, Jalaluddin planned to conquer Ranthambore, but retreated to avoid loss of Muslim lives. In 1292, the Delhi army invaded Jhain again, obtaining plunder in the process. [10]

During Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore in 1301, the Delhi army captured Jhain and renamed it to Shahr-i Nau ("new town"). [4] Alauddin's brother and general Ulugh Khan was granted Ranthambore and Jhain as iqta'. [11] By the time of Ulugh Khan's successor Malik Izz al-Din Bura Khan, Jhain was subjected to the same land-tax (kharaj) as the core territories of the Sultanate, indicating that it was now firmly under the control of the Delhi Sultanate. [12]

Mughal period

In the Mughal Empire, Jhain was a pargana in the Garh Ranthamnbore sarkar of the Ajmer subah . The pargana was held by Jai Singh II and his ancestors as jagir (fief). [5]

Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Chhan has 196 households with 1,015 people. The population includes 561 males and 454 females. [1] Of all the villagers, 208 belong to Scheduled Castes, and 502 belong to Scheduled Tribes. [13] 393 of the villagers are illiterate. [14]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jalal-ud-din Khalji</span> Founder of Khalji dynasty (c. 1220–1296)

Jalal-ud-din Khalji, also known as Firuz-Al-Din Khalji or Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder and first Sultan of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1290 to 1320.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hammiradeva</span> King of Ranastambhapura from 1283–1301

Hammiradeva was the last ruler from the Ranthambore branch of the Chauhans (Chahamanas). He is also known as Hamir Dev Chauhan in the Muslim chronicles and the vernacular literature.

Hizabruddin, better known by his title Zafar Khan, was a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He held charge of Multan, Samana, and Sivistan, Sindh at various times during Alauddin's reign.

The Mongol Empire launched numerous invasions into the Indian subcontinent from 1221 to 1327, with many of the later raids made by the Qaraunas of Mongol origin. The Mongols occupied parts of the subcontinent for decades. As the Mongols progressed into the Indian hinterland and reached the outskirts of Delhi, the Delhi Sultanate led a campaign against them in which the Mongol army suffered serious defeats. Delhi Sultanate officials viewed war with the Mongols as one of the Sultan's primary duties. While Sultanate chroniclers described the conflicts between the pagan Mongols and a monolithic Muslim community in binary terms, the Delhi Sultanate being an island of Islamic civilization surrounded by heathens to its north and south, it ignored the fact that a large number of Sultanate elites and monarchs were of Turk/Mongol ethnicity or had previously served in their armed contingents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alauddin Khalji</span> Turco-Afghan emperor of Khalji dynasty 1296–1316

Alaud-Dīn Khaljī, also called Alauddin Khilji, born Ali Gurshasp, was a ruler from the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative changes, related to revenues, price controls, and society. He also successfully fended off several Mongol invasions of India.

Almas Beg, better known by his title Ulugh Khan, was a brother and a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He held the iqta' of Bayana in present-day India.

In the winter of 1297, Kadar, a noyan of the Mongol Chagatai Khanate invaded the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Alauddin Khalji. The Mongols ravaged the Punjab region of modern day Pakistan and India, advancing as far as Kasur. Alauddin sent an army led by his brother Ulugh Khan to check their advance. This army defeated the invaders on 6 February 1298, killing around 20,000 of them, and forcing the Mongols to retreat.

As a general of Jalal-ud-din Khalji, his nephew Alauddin Khalji raided the Paramara city of Bhilsa in 1293 CE. He damaged the city's Hindu temples, and looted a large amount of wealth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri</span>

In 1296, Alauddin Khalji raided Devagiri, the capital of the Yadava kingdom in the Deccan region of India. At the time, Alauddin was the governor of Kara in Delhi Sultanate, which was ruled by Jalaluddin Khalji. Alauddin kept his march to Devagiri a secret from Jalaluddin, because he intended to use the wealth obtained from this raid for dethroning the Sultan.

In November 1296, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji sent an expedition to conquer Multan. His objective was to eliminate the surviving family members of his predecessor Jalaluddin Khalji, whom he had assassinated to usurp the throne of Delhi. Multan was governed by Jalaluddin's eldest son Arkali Khan. Alauddin's generals Ulugh Khan and Zafar Khan besieged Multan for around two months. They managed to gain control of the city after Arkali Khan's officers defected to their side. The surviving family members of Jalaluddin were imprisoned, and later, several of them were either blinded or killed.

In 1299, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji sent an army to ransack the Gujarat region of India, which was ruled by the Vaghela king Karna. The Delhi forces plundered several major cities of Gujarat, including Anahilavada (Patan), Khambhat, Surat and Somnath. Karna was able to regain control of at least a part of his kingdom in the later years. However, in 1304, a second invasion by Alauddin's forces permanently ended the Vaghela dynasty, and resulted in the annexation of Gujarat to the Delhi Sultanate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore</span>

In 1301, Alauddin Khalji, the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in India, conquered the neighbouring kingdom of Ranastambhapura.

In 1303, a Mongol army from the Chagatai Khanate launched an invasion of the Delhi Sultanate, when two major units of the Delhi army were away from the city. The Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji, who was away at Chittor when the Mongols started their march, returned to Delhi in a hurry. However, he was unable to make adequate war preparations, and decided to take shelter in a well-guarded camp at the under-construction Siri Fort. The Mongols, led by Taraghai, besieged Delhi for over two months, and ransacked its suburbs. Ultimately, they decided to retreat, having been unable to breach Alauddin's camp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)</span> Alauddin Khaljis conquest of Chittor

The Siege of Chittorgarh occurred in 1303, when the Khalji ruler Alauddin Khalji captured and sacked the Chittor Fort, toppling the Guhila king Ratnasimha, after an eight-month-long siege. The conflict has been described in several legendary accounts, including the historical epic poem Padmavat, which claims that Alauddin's motive was to obtain Ratnasimha's beautiful wife Padmini; though this legend is considered historically inaccurate by most historians. Alauddin ordered the fort to be pelted with stones from his siege engines (munjaniqs). When the fort was stormed, Rajput women committed Jauhar while most of the warriors died defending the fort. The city of Chittor was completely sacked by Alauddin's army and several temples were desecrated.

Nusrat Khan was a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He served as Alauddin's wazir during the start of his reign, and played an important role in the Sultan's Devagiri (1296) and Gujarat (1299) campaigns. He was killed during the Siege of Ranthambore in 1301.

In 1311, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji ordered a mass massacre of the "New Muslims", after some Mongol amirs of Delhi conspired to kill him. According to chronicler Ziauddin Barani, 20,000 or 30,000 Mongols were killed as a result of this order.

Malika-i-Jahan was the first and chief wife of Sultan Alauddin Khalji, the most powerful ruler of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate. She was the daughter of Alauddin's predecessor and paternal uncle, Sultan Jalaluddin Khalji, the founder of the Khalji dynasty.

The Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji implemented a series of major fiscal, land and agrarian reforms in northern India. He re-designated large areas of land as crown territory by confiscating private properties and by annulling land grants. He imposed a 50% kharaj tax on the agricultural produce, and ordered his ministry to collect the revenue directly from the peasants by eliminating the intermediary village chiefs.

The Paramaras of Siwana were one of the many Rajput rulers in Rajasthan who ruled a principality centered on the fort of Siwana. They belonged to the Rajput Agnivanshi clan of Paramaras. The last ruler, Sitala Deva was eventually defeated and his domain annexed by the sultan of Delhi, Alauddin Khilji.

The Battle of Jhain or the Siege of Jhain was a military expedition of Delhi Sultanate under Jalaluddin Khalji aganist the Rajput Kingdom Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura which commenced in 1291 in which the Sultanate forces defeated the Rajput forces under Gurdan Saini and captured Jhain.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Census Handbook 2011, p. 60.
  2. ↑ Satya Prakash Gupta 1975, pp. 209–216.
  3. 1 2 3 A. B. M. Habibullah 1992, p. 318.
  4. 1 2 Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992, p. 342.
  5. 1 2 Satya Prakash Gupta 1975, p. 214.
  6. ↑ Satya Prakash Gupta 1975, p. 215.
  7. ↑ Peter Jackson 2003, p. 132.
  8. ↑ A. B. M. Habibullah 1992, pp. 318–319.
  9. ↑ A. B. M. Habibullah 1992, p. 319.
  10. ↑ Peter Jackson 2003, p. 133.
  11. ↑ Peter Jackson 2003, p. 171.
  12. ↑ Peter Jackson 2003, p. 197.
  13. ↑ Census Handbook 2011, p. 61.
  14. ↑ Census Handbook 2011, p. 62.

Bibliography

  • A. B. M. Habibullah (1992) [1970]. "The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC   31870180.
  • Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1992) [1970]. "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC   31870180.
  • District Census Handbook: Sawai Madhopur (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations - Rajasthan. 2011.
  • Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-54329-3.
  • Satya Prakash Gupta (1975). "Jhain of the Delhi Sultanate". Medieval India: A Miscellany. Vol. 3. Asia Publishing House. ISBN   9780210405819. OCLC   226123586.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.