Related Research Articles
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based. Established in 1694 to act as the English Government's banker and debt manager,and still one of the bankers for the Government of the United Kingdom,it is the world's eighth-oldest bank.
A banknote –also called a bill,paper money,or simply a note –is a type of negotiable promissory note,made by a bank or other licensed authority,payable to the bearer on demand. Banknotes were originally issued by commercial banks,which were legally required to redeem the notes for legal tender when presented to the chief cashier of the originating bank. These commercial banknotes only traded at face value in the market served by the issuing bank. Commercial banknotes have primarily been replaced by national banknotes issued by central banks or monetary authorities.
The pound sterling is the official currency of the United Kingdom,Jersey,Guernsey,the Isle of Man,British Antarctic Territory,South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,and Tristan da Cunha.
The Bank of England,which is now the central bank of the United Kingdom,British Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories,has issued banknotes since 1694. In 1921 the Bank of England gained a legal monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales,a process that started with the Bank Charter Act of 1844 when the ability of other banks to issue notes was restricted.
The Chief Cashier of the Bank of England is the person responsible for issuing banknotes at the Bank of England and is the director of the divisions which provide the Bank of England's banking infrastructure. This person is known to the general public because since 1870 the Chief Cashier's signature is printed on all bank notes issued by the Bank of England. In 2004 a new post was created,Executive Director of Banking &Chief Cashier,incorporating the title.
Cleland is a surname of Scottish origin.
Victoria Mary Florence Cleland is a British banker. She was the Director for Banknotes and Chief Cashier of the Bank of England,a position she held from March 2014 until 1 June 2018 when was replaced by Sarah John. She is the second woman to hold the post of Chief Cashier. She replaced Chris Salmon when he was appointed as Executive Director for Markets at the Bank of England. As of 2024 she is currently the Executive Director for Payments for the Bank of England
Merlyn Vivienne Lowther was Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1999 to 2003. She was the first woman to hold the post. The signature of the Chief Cashier appears on Bank of England banknotes. Lowther was succeeded by Andrew Bailey.
Graham Edward Alfred Kentfield was Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1991 to 1998. The signature of the Chief Cashier appears on British banknotes. Kentfield was replaced as Chief Cashier by Merlyn Lowther.
George Malcolm Gill was Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1988 to 1991. The signature of the Chief Cashier appears on British banknotes. Gill was replaced as Chief Cashier by Graham Kentfield. He was one of the shortest serving Chief Cashiers and during Gill's tenancy,two different £5 notes were issued with his signature.
David Henry FitzRoy Somerset was Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1980 to 1988. The signature of the Chief Cashier appears on British banknotes. Somerset was replaced as Chief Cashier by Malcolm Gill.
John Brangwyn Page was a British banking executive who served as the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1970 to 1980. The signature of the Chief Cashier appears on British banknotes. Page was replaced as Chief Cashier by David Somerset.
Horace George Bowen was the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1893 to 1902.
Matthew Marshall (1791–1873) was the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1835 to 1864.
The Bank of England £5 note,also known as a fiver,is a sterling banknote. It is the smallest denomination of banknote currently issued by the Bank of England. On 5 June 2024 and 13 September 2016,a new polymer note was introduced,featuring the images of King Charles III and the late Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and a portrait of Winston Churchill on the reverse. The old paper note,first issued in 2002 and bearing the image of prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the reverse,was phased out and ceased to be legal tender after 5 May 2017.
The Bank of England £10 note,also known informally as a tenner,is a sterling banknote. It is the second-lowest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. The current polymer notes,first issued on 5 June 2024,bears the images of King Charles III and the late Queen Elizabeth II first issued on 14 September 2017 on the obverse,and the image of author Jane Austen on the reverse. The final cotton paper note featuring a portrait of naturalist Charles Darwin,first issued in 2000,was withdrawn from circulation on 1 March 2018.
The Bank of England £20 note is a sterling banknote. It is the second-highest denomination of banknote currently issued by the Bank of England. The current polymer notes,first issued on 5 June 2024,bears the image of King Charles III on the obverse. The other note first issued on 20 February 2020,bears the image of the late Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of painter J. M. W. Turner on the reverse. It replaced the cotton paper note featuring a portrait of economist Adam Smith,first issued in 2007.
The Bank of England £50 note is a sterling banknote circulated in the United Kingdom. It is the highest denomination of banknote currently issued for public circulation by the Bank of England. The current note,the second of this denomination to be printed in polymer,entered circulation on 5 June 2024. It bears the images of King Charles III and late Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and computer scientist and World War II codebreaker Alan Turing on the reverse,with his birth date reflecting the release date. Cotton £50 notes from the previous series remained in circulation alongside the new polymer notes until 30 September 2022,when the last 'paper' banknote issue finally ceased to be legal tender.
The Bank of England £1 note was a sterling banknote. After the ten shilling note was withdrawn in 1970,it became the smallest denomination note issued by the Bank of England. The one pound note was issued by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797 and continued to be printed until 1984. The note was withdrawn in 1988 due to inflation and was replaced by a coin.
The Bank of England £100,000,000 note,also referred to as Titan,is a non-circulating Bank of England sterling banknote used to back the value of Scottish and Northern Irish banknotes. It is the highest denomination of banknote printed by the Bank of England. As both Scotland and Northern Ireland have banknotes issued by particular local banks,the non-circulating notes provide the essential link between those banknotes and that of England and Wales,and security if a local issuing bank were to fail.
References
- ↑ Chief Cashiers. Archived 2014-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Bank of England. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
- ↑ Bank of England announces major reorganisation. BBC News, 18 March 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
