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Aggression is a behavior aimed at opposing or attacking something or someone. Though often done with the intent to cause harm, it can be channeled into creative and practical outlets for some. It may occur either reactively or without provocation. In humans, aggression can be caused by various triggers. For example, built-up frustration due to blocked goals or perceived disrespect. Human aggression can be classified into direct and indirect aggression; whilst the former is characterized by physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm to someone, the latter is characterized by behavior intended to harm the social relations of an individual or group.
Game studies, also known as ludology, is the study of games, the act of playing them, and the players and cultures surrounding them. It is a field of cultural studies that deals with all types of games throughout history. This field of research utilizes the tactics of, at least, folkloristics and cultural heritage, sociology and psychology, while examining aspects of the design of the game, the players in the game, and the role the game plays in its society or culture. Game studies is oftentimes confused with the study of video games, but this is only one area of focus; in reality game studies encompasses all types of gaming, including sports, board games, etc.
The Bobo doll experiment is the collective name for a series of experiments performed by psychologist Albert Bandura to test his social learning theory. Between 1961 and 1963, he studied children's behaviour after watching an adult model act aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The most notable variation of the experiment measured the children's behavior after seeing the adult model rewarded, punished, or experience no consequence for physically abusing the Bobo doll.
School violence includes violence between school students as well as attacks by students on school staff and attacks by school staff on students. It encompasses physical violence, including student-on-student fighting, corporal punishment; psychological violence such as verbal abuse, and sexual violence, including rape and sexual harassment. It includes many forms of bullying and carrying weapons to school. The one or more perpetrators typically have more physical, social, and/or psychological power than the victim. It is a widely accepted serious societal problem in recent decades in many countries, especially where weapons such as guns or knives are involved.
Grounding is a general discipline technique in the United States and other countries, which is restriction of children at home from going out, with the exception of any obligations. During this time period, any positive reinforcement is taken away and other privileges, such as but not limited to using the Internet, playing video games, watching television, listening to music, or using the telephone are often revoked. A common use of grounding is room restriction, where children are confined to their bedrooms with the exception of obligations.
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The Ferguson effect is an increase in violent crime rates in a community caused by reduced proactive policing due to the community's distrust and hostility towards police. The Ferguson effect was first proposed after police saw an increase in violence following the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. The term was coined by Doyle Sam Dotson III, the chief of the St. Louis police, to account for an increased murder rate in some U.S. cities following the Ferguson unrest. Whether the Ferguson effect really exists is subject of discussions with many published studies reporting contradicting findings concerning whether there is a change in crime rates, number of 911 calls, homicides, and proactive policing. Furthermore, the effect and influence of the portrayal of police brutality in the media is also contested.
Elizabeth Thompson Gershoff is Professor of Human Development and Family Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin. She is known for her research on the impact of corporal punishment in the home and at school on children and their mental health.
The culture of violence theory addresses the pervasiveness of specific violent patterns within a societal dimension. The concept of violence being ingrained in Western society and culture has been around for at least the 20th century. Developed from structural violence, as research progressed the notion that a culture can sanction violent acts developed into what we know as culture of violence theory today. Two prominent examples of culture legitimizing violence can be seen in rape myths and victim blaming. Rape myths lead to misconstrued notions of blame; it is common for the responsibility associated with the rape to be placed on the victim rather than the offender.
The relationships between digital media use and mental health have been investigated by various researchers—predominantly psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, and medical experts—especially since the mid-1990s, after the growth of the World Wide Web. A significant body of research has explored "overuse" phenomena, commonly known as "digital addictions", or "digital dependencies." These phenomena manifest differently in many societies and cultures. Some experts have investigated the benefits of moderate digital media use in various domains, including in mental health, and the treatment of mental health problems with novel technological solutions.
References
- 1 2 3 "Christopher Ferguson". Stetson University. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
- 1 2 Carey, Benedict (February 11, 2013). "Shooting in the Dark". New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
- ↑ Jaslow, Ryan (February 18, 2013). "Violent video games and mass violence: A complex link". CBS News. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
- ↑ Peckham, Matt (November 6, 2008). "Violence in Games: A Conversation with Christopher Ferguson, Part One". Washington Post. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
- ↑ Ferguson, Christopher J. (February 2015). "Does Movie or Video Game Violence Predict Societal Violence? It Depends on What You Look at and When". Journal of Communication. 65 (1): 193–212. doi:10.1111/jcom.12142.
- ↑ Stuart, Keith (November 10, 2014). "Video games are not making us more violent, study shows". The Guardian. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
- ↑ Larzelere, Robert E.; Gunnoe, Marjorie L.; Roberts, Mark W; Ferguson, Christopher J. (2017). "Children and Parents Deserve Better Parental Discipline Research: Critiquing the Evidence for Exclusively "Positive" Parenting". Marriage & Family Review. 53 (1): 24–35. doi: 10.1080/01494929.2016.1145613 .
- ↑ Larzelere, Robert E.; Gunnoe, Marjorie L.; Ferguson, Christopher J. (November 2018). "Improving Causal Inferences in Meta‐analyses of Longitudinal Studies: Spanking as an Illustration". Child Development. 89 (6): 2038–2050. doi:10.1111/cdev.13097. PMID 29797703.
- ↑ Larzelere, Robert E.; Gunnoe, Marjorie L.; Roberts, Mark W; Ferguson, Christopher J. (2019). "The insufficiency of the evidence used to categorically oppose spanking and its implications for families and psychological science: Comment on Gershoff et al. (2018)". American Psychologist. 74 (4): 497–499. doi:10.1037/amp0000461. PMID 31070404. S2CID 148569003.
- ↑ Ferguson, Christopher J. (February 2013). "Spanking, corporal punishment and negative long-term outcomes: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies". Clinical Psychology Review. 33 (1): 196–208. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.11.002. PMID 23274727.
- ↑ Suicide Kings. ASIN 1628300701.
- ↑ Moral Combat. ASIN 1942952988.
- ↑ How Madness Shaped History. ASIN 1633885747.
- ↑ "Christopher J. Ferguson". bewilderingstories.com. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
