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Pathology is the study of disease and injury. The word pathology also refers to the study of disease in general, incorporating a wide range of biology research fields and medical practices. However, when used in the context of modern medical treatment, the term is often used in a narrower fashion to refer to processes and tests that fall within the contemporary medical field of "general pathology", an area that includes a number of distinct but inter-related medical specialties that diagnose disease, mostly through analysis of tissue and human cell samples. Idiomatically, "a pathology" may also refer to the predicted or actual progression of particular diseases, and the affix pathy is sometimes used to indicate a state of disease in cases of both physical ailment and psychological conditions. A physician practicing pathology is called a pathologist.
Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or anatomic pathology (U.S.) is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues. Over the 20th century, surgical pathology has evolved tremendously: from historical examination of whole bodies (autopsy) to a more modernized practice, centered on the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer to guide treatment decision-making in oncology. Its modern founder was the Italian scientist Giovan Battista Morgagni from Forlì.
Forensic pathology is pathology that focuses on determining the cause of death by examining a corpse. A post mortem examination is performed by a medical examiner or forensic pathologist, usually during the investigation of criminal law cases and civil law cases in some jurisdictions. Coroners and medical examiners are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of remains.
Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, molecular pathology, and Immunohaematology. This specialty requires a medical residency.
A medical laboratory scientist (MLS) or clinical laboratory scientist (CLS) or medical technologist (MT) performs diagnostic testing of blood and body fluids in clinical laboratories. The scope of a medical laboratory scientist's work begins with the receipt of patient or client specimens and terminates with the delivery of test results to physicians and other healthcare providers. The utility of clinical diagnostic testing relies squarely on the validity of test methodology. To this end, much of the work done by medical laboratory scientists involves ensuring specimen quality, interpreting test results, data-logging, testing control products, performing calibration, maintenance, validation, and troubleshooting of instrumentation as well as performing statistical analyses to verify the accuracy and repeatability of testing. Medical laboratory scientists may also assist healthcare providers with test selection and specimen collection and are responsible for prompt verbal delivery of critical lab results. Medical Laboratory Scientists in healthcare settings also play an important role in clinical diagnosis. An estimated 70% of medical decisions are based on laboratory test results and MLS contributions affect 95% of a health system's costs.
Sir James Cresseé Elphinstone Underwood FMedSci is a British pathologist who was awarded a knighthood for services to medicine in the 2005 New Year honours list.
Dame Julia Margaret Polak, was an Argentine-born Polish pathologist who lived in England. She was head of the Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine at Imperial College London, a centre for medical research she set up with Larry Hench, also from Imperial College, to develop cells and tissues for transplantation into humans.
Gastrointestinal pathology is the subspecialty of surgical pathology which deals with the diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases of the digestive tract and accessory organs, such as the pancreas and liver.
Dame Barbara Evelyn Clayton was an English pathologist who made a significant contribution to clinical medicine, medical research and public service. She was latterly Professor of Clinical Pathology at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London.
Dame Parveen June Kumar is a British doctor who is currently Professor of Medicine and Education at Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry. She worked in the NHS for over 40 years as a consultant gastroenterologist and physician at Barts and the London Hospitals and the Homerton University Hospital. She was the President of the British Medical Association in 2006, of the Royal Society of Medicine from 2010 to 2012, of the Medical Women's Federation from 2016 to 2018 and of the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund from 2013 to 2020. She was also Vice President of the Royal College of Physicians from 2003 to 2005. In addition, she was a founding non-executive director of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence, chaired the Medicines Commission UK until 2005, and also chaired the BUPA Foundation Charity for Research until 2013.
Christopher D. M. Fletcher is a British pathologist who has written more than 500 peer reviewed articles and was a chairman of the World Health Organization's Working Group on the Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. He graduated from London's St. Thomas's Hospital Medical School and got his M.D. degree from the University of London in 1991. Later on, he became a postdoc at the Royal College of Pathologists, from which he also graduated in 1988. He was trained at St Thomas' Hospital and was president of the Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology from 2003 to 2006. Currently he is a Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School, president of both the Arthur Purdy Stout Society and the International Society of Bone & Soft Tissue Pathology and is also a surgical pathologist at the Brigham and Women's Hospital. He also works for the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, Massachusetts as chief of onco-pathology.
Dame Caroline Jan MacEwen, known as Carrie MacEwen, is a British ophthalmology consultant who has served as the chair of the General Medical Council (GMC) since May 2022. She was previously acting chair of the GMC between August 2021 and May 2022, the chair of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges between 2017 and 2020 and the president of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) between 2014 and 2017.
Suzannah Claire "Suzy" Lishman CBE was the President of the Royal College of Pathologists 2014–2017.
Andrew John Timothy George, is Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Brunel University London and Professor of Immunology.
Aileen Margaret KeelCBE FRCPath FRCPG FRCPE FRCSE FRCGP is a Scottish medical doctor and academic who is serving as the Director of the Innovative Healthcare Delivery Programme at the University of Edinburgh. She previously served as the Deputy Chief Medical Officer for Scotland from 1999 to 2014 and served as the Acting Chief Medical Officer, until 2015.
Valerie A. Fitzhugh is an American pathologist and Associate Professor of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School as well as an Associate Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. She is the Chair of the Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine at Rutgers and the Chair at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School as well. Fitzhugh specializes in bone and soft tissue pathology and cytopathology and has made the Pathology Power List by The Pathologist Magazine in 2016, 2018, and 2019. She is involved in educating pathology residents and she actively uses social media as a platform for education and for improving diversity in pathology and she also studies how effective social media is at enhancing accurate communication of science and medicine.
Joanne Elizabeth Martin is National Specialty Advisor for Pathology to NHSEngland and Improvement, and Professor of Pathology at Queen Mary University of London. She was the President of the Royal College of Pathologists from November 2017 until November 2020.
Javed Iqbal Kazi (1955–2014) was a Pakistani pathologist specialized in renal pathology, professor and chairman of Histopathology at Karachi Medical and Dental College, Sindh Institute of Urology & Transplantation, Dr. Ziauddin Hospitals & National Institute of Blood Diseases, and served as Dean of medicine of University of Karachi. He was also the board member of Journal of Pakistan Medical Association since 2005. He established the department of Histopathology at Sindh Institute of Urology & Transplantation, Karachi, in 1995 and is the pioneer of Renal and Transplant Pathology in Pakistan.
Kathleen Cecile Maria Coard is a Grenadian anatomic pathologist and academic, known for her research on cardiovascular diseases, prostate cancer, and soft tissue tumors. She is the first female professor of pathology in the Caribbean and has been recognized for her role in advancing health in Jamaica and the Caribbean.
Michael Osborn, FRCPath is the president of the Royal College of Pathologists since November 2020 He received his medical degree from Guy's & St Thomas' Hospitals in London in 1995. In 2000, he became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and in 2004, he was named a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was hired as a consultant in 2004 with a focus on postmortems, gastrointestinal pathology, and instructing undergraduate students. He is the department head at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust in London and a consultant histopathologist for North West London Pathology. He contributed to the COVID-19 postmortem site for the college and wrote many guide materials.
References
- ↑ Dr Clair Du Boulay University of Southampton Archived June 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Training The Trainers In The Health Profession - A UK First In Healthcare Education". Medical News Today. 1 September 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ↑ "Annual Report 2002−2003" (PDF). Royal College of Pathologists. p. 51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ↑ "Annual Report 2003−2004" (PDF). Royal College of Pathologists. p. 51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ↑ "Annual Report 2004−2005" (PDF). Royal College of Pathologists. p. 51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ↑ "New Year honours list" (PDF). The Bulletin of the Royal College of Pathologists (142): 147. April 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
- ↑ London Gazette [ dead link ]