The Clandestine Military Front (Italian : Fronte Militare Clandestino) was an organization of the Italian resistance movement that operated in German-occupied Rome between September 1943 and June 1944. It consisted of some 2,300 men, largely Royal Italian Army officers who had gone into hiding after the German capture of Rome, such as Minister of War Antonio Sorice and Generals Roberto Lordi, Mario Girotti, Dardano Fenulli and Vito Artale. Its first leader was Colonel Giuseppe Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, who after being arrested in January 1944 was replaced by General Quirino Armellini, in turn replaced by General Roberto Bencivenga in March 1944. Thirty-four of its members, including Colonel Montezemolo and Generals Lordi, Fenulli and Artale, were among the victims of the Ardeatine massacre. [1] [2] [3]
Luca Cordero di Montezemolo is an Italian businessman who is best known as former Chairman of Ferrari, and formerly Chairman of Fiat S.p.A. and President of Confindustria and FIEG.
The Ardeatine massacre, or Fosse Ardeatine massacre, was a mass killing of 335 civilians and political prisoners carried out in Rome on 24 March 1944 by German occupation troops during the Second World War as a reprisal for the Via Rasella attack in central Rome against the SS Police Regiment Bozen the previous day.
The Italian resistance movement is an umbrella term for the Italian resistance groups who fought the occupying forces of Nazi Germany and the fascist collaborationists of the Italian Social Republic during the Second World War in Italy from 1943 to 1945. As a diverse anti-fascist movement and organisation, the Resistenza opposed Nazi Germany, as well as Nazi Germany's Italian puppet state regime, the Italian Social Republic, which the Germans created following the Nazi German invasion and military occupation of Italy by the Wehrmacht and the Waffen-SS from 8 September 1943 until 25 April 1945.
The Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia was a conflict fought from the summer of 1941 to the autumn of 1943 by remnants of Italian troops in Ethiopia and Somalia, in a short-lived attempt to re-establish Italian East Africa. The guerrilla campaign was fought following the Italian defeat in the East African Campaign of World War II, while the war was still raging in Northern Africa and Europe.
Pietro Caruso was an Italian Fascist and head of the Rome police in 1944.
The 52nd Infantry Division "Torino" was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Torino was named after the city of Turin and classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning it had some motorized transport, but not enough to move the entire division at once. The division was formed by expanding the Torino Brigade in June 1940 and was based with two of its regiments in Civitavecchia, while the 81st Infantry Regiment "Torino" was based in Rome. The division took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia and was then sent to the Eastern front as part of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia.
The 21st Infantry Division "Granatieri di Sardegna" was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The division's name translates as "Grenadiers of Sardinia", referring to the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the Italian Royal House of Savoy before the unification of Italy as Kingdom of Italy.
Regina Coeli is the best known prison in the city of Rome. Previously a Catholic convent, it was built in 1654 in the rione of Trastevere. It started to serve as a prison in 1881.
Roberto Lordi was Brigadier General of the Regia Aeronautica, Gold Medal of Military Valour Recipient and Martyr in the Fosse Ardeatine Massacre.
Maurizio Giglio was an Italian soldier and policeman. In September 1943, during World War II, the Italian government concluded an armistice with the Allies. He thereafter transmitted military intelligence by radio from Rome about the Nazi forces there to the Allied forces advancing through southern Italy. In March 1944, he was captured and was executed by the Nazis. He was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valour, a decoration which acknowledges deeds of outstanding gallantry. Places have been named, and memorials dedicated, in his honour.
Quirino Armellini was an Italian military officer, who served as a general in both the Royal Italian Army and the Italian Army.
Mario Caracciolo, Baron of Feroleto was an Italian general during World War II.
Antonio Sorice was an Italian general during World War II, Undersecretary for War from February to July 1943 and Minister of War from July 1943 to February 1944.
Raffaele Aversa was an Italian soldier and Resistance member, most notable for having carried out the arrest of Benito Mussolini after his dismissal as Prime Minister of Italy on 25 July 1943.
Giuseppe Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo was an Italian soldier and Italian Resistance member.
Armellini Chiappi was an Italian general during World War II. He was in command of the territorial defense of Florence for most of the war.
Vito Artale was an Italian general during World War II.
Giovanni Frignani was an Italian soldier and Resistance member, most notable for his role in the arrest of Benito Mussolini after his dismissal as Prime Minister of Italy on 25 July 1943, in the arrest and death of Ettore Muti, and in the Roman Resistance after the Armistice of Cassibile.
Sabato Martelli Castaldi was an Italian Air Force general and a member of the Italian Resistance during World War II. He was executed during the Ardeatine massacre.
Vittorio Sogno was an Italian general during World War II.