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Clare Elwell | |
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Nationality | British |
Education |
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Scientific career | |
Institutions | University College London |
Thesis | Measurement and Data Analysis Techniques for the Investigation of Adult Cerebral Haemodynamics (1995) |
Doctoral advisor |
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Website | www |
Clare Elwell is a British academic who is a professor of medical physics and director of the Near Infrared Spectroscopy Group within the Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory at University College London. She has served as president of both the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue and the Society for Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy.
Elwell has received a number of awards including the Women in Science and Engineering Research Award, the Medical Research Council Science Suffrage Award, and the Melvin H. Knisely International Young Scientist Award from the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue.
Elwell attended the London International Youth Science Forum in 1984 and from this was inspired to study medical physics. [1] She received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics and medical physics at the University of Exeter in 1988. She remained in Exeter to work as a clinical physicist in The Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, obtaining a MPhil in 1991 researching measurements in the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea. She left her job as a clinical physicist to work as a research fellow in the neonatal intensive care research team at the Paediatrics Department of University College London.[ citation needed ]
Elwell worked under David Delpy and Mark Cope developing non-invasive tools that used near-infrared light to measure newborn brain function in the neonatal intensive care unit. During this period she also pioneered the use of near infrared spectroscopy to measure blood flow in the adult brain. [2] [ better source needed ] In 1995, she received her PhD and won the Melvin H. Knisely International Young Scientist Award from the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue. [3]
In 1996, she received a Medical Research Council Non Clinical Research Training Fellowship in the Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering at University College London, moving to lecturer in 1999 and senior lecturer in 2005 in the same department. In 2008, she became a professor of medical physics and in 2016 she won the Women in Science and Engineering Research Award. [4]
Elwell was president of International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue in 2014. [5] She is the co-founder and current President of the Society for Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy. [6] In 2017, Elwell was appointed the President of the London International Youth Science Forum. [7]
Elwell has led a number of interdisciplinary teams developing optical methods for monitoring tissue oxygenation, haemodynamics and metabolism in brain and muscle. Her research projects have included studies of brain development, acute brain injury in adults and infants, sports performance, paediatric cardiology, malaria, infant brain development and malnutrition. Her work delivered the first images of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase in the adult and infant brain. [8] She is the lead physicist in a collaboration with neurodevelopmental psychologists at the Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development at Birkbeck, University of London investigating the use of near infrared spectroscopy to deliver an early marker of autism. [9]
Elwell currently leads the Brain Imaging for Global HealTh (BRIGHT) research project funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. [10] BRIGHT investigates the impact of malnutrition on early infant brain development and recently reported the first ever imaging of the infant brain in Africa. Through this work she established the GlobalfNIRS initiative to support the use of functional near infrared spectroscopy in global health projects. [11]
Elwell is committed to engaging the public in her research with a particular emphasis on enthusing young aspiring scientists via talks and demonstrations at schools and science festivals. She exhibited “Shedding Light on the Human Body” at the 2006 Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition and has performed at Pint of Science and Science Show Off.[ citation needed ] She won the University College London Provost Public Engagement Award in 2011 [12] and the University College London Engineering Engager of the Year Award in 2018.[ citation needed ] In 2018 she became a British Science Association Media Fellow, seconded to the Financial Times, London. [13]
She is a founder and Trustee of the Young Scientists for Africa charity. [14] She was inspired to create this charity to give African science students the opportunity to attend the London International Youth Science Forum as she did as a student.
Elwell contributes to a range of women in science and women in leadership initiatives. She won the Medical Research Council Science Suffrage Award in 2013 [15] and the UK Inspirational Teacher Award for Women in 2014. [16] She was one of the featured scientists in the Royal Society's Mothers in Science Project. [17]
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Typical applications include medical and physiological diagnostics and research including blood sugar, pulse oximetry, functional neuroimaging, sports medicine, elite sports training, ergonomics, rehabilitation, neonatal research, brain computer interface, urology, and neurology. There are also applications in other areas as well such as pharmaceutical, food and agrochemical quality control, atmospheric chemistry, combustion research and knowledge.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical brain monitoring technique which uses near-infrared spectroscopy for the purpose of functional neuroimaging. Using fNIRS, brain activity is measured by using near-infrared light to estimate cortical hemodynamic activity which occur in response to neural activity. Alongside EEG, fNIRS is one of the most common non-invasive neuroimaging techniques which can be used in portable contexts. The signal is often compared with the BOLD signal measured by fMRI and is capable of measuring changes both in oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin concentration, but can only measure from regions near the cortical surface. fNIRS may also be referred to as Optical Topography (OT) and is sometimes referred to simply as NIRS.
Britton "Brit" Chance was an American biochemist, biophysicist, scholar, and inventor whose work helped develop spectroscopy as a way to diagnose medical problems. He was "a world leader in transforming theoretical science into useful biomedical and clinical applications" and is considered "the founder of the biomedical photonics." He received the National Medal of Science in 1974.
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Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen-saturated haemoglobin relative to total haemoglobin in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 96–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia. Arterial blood oxygen levels below 80 percent may compromise organ function, such as the brain and heart, and should be promptly addressed. Continued low oxygen levels may lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest. Oxygen therapy may be used to assist in raising blood oxygen levels. Oxygenation occurs when oxygen molecules enter the tissues of the body. For example, blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where oxygen molecules travel from the air and into the blood. Oxygenation is commonly used to refer to medical oxygen saturation.
The International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT) is an interdisciplinary society of approximately 300 members that represents essentially every major tissue oxygen research laboratory in the world. Its purpose is to further the understanding of all aspects of the processes involved in the oxygen transport from the air to its ultimate consumption in the cells of the various organs of the body.
Duane Frederick Bruley is an American researcher, entrepreneur, and academician.
Melvin Henry Knisely was an American physiologist who first observed the pathological clumping of red and white cells, in vivo, at the capillary level. One of the most cited Knisely works was his research which documented the fact that even one alcoholic drink kills brain cells, which are irreplaceable.
David Thomas Delpy,, is a British bioengineer, and Hamamatsu Professor of Medical Photonics, at University College London.
Herman Stanton Bachelard was a British neurochemist, editor-in-chief and neuroscience book writer. He was born in Melbourne, Australia, and gained his BSc in Chemistry and Microbiology from Melbourne University in 1951, achieving an MSc and PhD in Biochemistry at Monash University. He developed most of his academic career in the United Kingdom, where Professor Bachelard headed the Departments of Biochemistry of the University of Bath and St Thomas' Hospital King's College London School of Medicine, concluding his career as Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of Nottingham.
Edward Osmund Royle Reynolds, CBE, FRCP, FRCOG, FRCPCH, FMedSci, FRS, was a British paediatrician and Neonatologist who was most notable for the introduction of new techniques intended to improve the survival of newborns, especially those with respiratory failure, and for a series of papers regarding the value of techniques such as ultrasound imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and near infrared spectroscopy in determining the development and response to injury of the infant brain after birth.
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