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Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the entire Solar System, and has made important contributions to the understanding of a number of processes including mantle convection, the formation of planets and the origins of granite and basalt. It is an integrated field of chemistry and geology.
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Paleoceanography is the study of the history of the oceans in the geologic past with regard to circulation, chemistry, biology, geology and patterns of sedimentation and biological productivity. Paleoceanographic studies using environment models and different proxies enable the scientific community to assess the role of the oceanic processes in the global climate by the re-construction of past climate at various intervals. Paleoceanographic research is also intimately tied to paleoclimatology.
Stephen E. (Steve) Calvert, PhD, FRSC is a professor emeritus at the University of British Columbia. He has specialized in the study of chemical and geochemical oceanography. His work has shed light on the factors responsible for the wide compositional variability of marine sediments, the controls on organic matter burial and nutrient utilization in the ocean.
Professor Henry "Harry" Elderfield, was Professor of Ocean Chemistry and Palaeochemistry at the Godwin Laboratory in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge. He made his name in ocean chemistry and palaeochemistry, using trace metals and isotopes in biogenic carbonate as palaeochemical tracers, and studying the chemistry of modern and ancient oceans - especially those of the glacial epoch and the Cenozoic.
Gerald R. Dickens is Professor of Earth Science at Trinity College Dublin, and is a researcher into the history of the world’s oceans, with respect to the changing patterns of their geology, chemistry and biology.
The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, also known as the Cenomanian-Turonian extinction, Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event, and referred to also as the Bonarelli event, was one of two anoxic extinction events in the Cretaceous period. The Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event is considered to be the most recent truly global oceanic anoxic event in Earth's geologic history. Selby et al. in 2009 concluded the OAE 2 occurred approximately 91.5 ± 8.6 Ma, though estimates published by Leckie et al. (2002) are given as 93–94 Ma. The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary has been refined in 2012 to 93.9 ± 0.15 Ma. There was a large carbon cycle disturbance during this time period, signified by a large positive carbon isotope excursion. However, apart from the carbon cycle disturbance, there were also large disturbances in the oxygen and sulphur cycles of the ocean.
Donald James DePaolo is an American professor of geochemistry in the Department of Earth and Planetary Science at the University of California, Berkeley and Associate Laboratory Director for Energy and Environmental Sciences at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
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Rosalind Emily Majors Rickaby is a professor of biogeochemistry at the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford and a Professorial Fellow at University College, Oxford. She is an Emeritus Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford.
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Vital effects are biological impacts on geochemical records. Many marine organisms, ranging from zooplankton to phytoplankton to reef builders, create shells or skeletons from chemical compounds dissolved in seawater. This process, which is also called biomineralization, therefore records the chemical signature of seawater during the time of shell formation. However, different species have different metabolism and physiology, causing them to create their shells in different ways. These biological distinctions cause species to record slightly different chemical signatures in their shells; these differences are known as vital effects.
Ariel Anbar is an isotope geochemist and President’s Professor at Arizona State University. He has published over 180 refereed papers on topics ranging from the origins of Earth’s atmosphere to detecting life on other worlds to diagnosing human disease.
Sidney Hemming is an analytical geochemist known for her work documenting Earth's history through analysis of sediments and sedimentary rocks. She is a professor of earth and environmental sciences at Columbia University.
Catherine Chauvel is a geochemist at the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris known for her research on the impact of volcanic activity on the chemistry of the mantle, continental crust, and island arc geochemistry.
Catherine Jeandel is a French geochemical oceanographer known for her research on isotope geochemistry and trace elements in the ocean.
Zanna Chase is an ocean-going professor of chemical oceanography and paleoceanography at the Institute of Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Australia. She has undertaken over 20 voyages on research vessels, and her areas of expertise are Antartic paleoclimate, marine carbon cycle, radionuclides in the ocean, sediment geochemistry, paleoceanography, and marine biogeochemistry. In 2013 she was awarded with an ARC Future Fellowship.
References
- 1 2 Chemistry, Department of. "Research Associate Professor Claudine Stirling". www.otago.ac.nz.
- ↑ "Geochemist Claudine Stirling - Trace Element Analysis (Science)". 17 March 2011.
- ↑ Otago, University of. "Inaugural Professorial Lecture - Professor Claudine Stirling".
- ↑ "'Huge' threat to oceans". 10 March 2018.
- ↑ "Royal Society Te Apārangi - Otago-led study shows oxygen loss could be huge issue for oceans". royalsociety.org.nz.
- ↑ "Ritchie among 23 promoted to professor". 20 December 2017.
- ↑ "Otago study re-piecing prehistoric global warming". 1 January 2018.
- ↑ "Climate change: When our oceans lost their breath". 5 March 2018 – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
- ↑ "$24m for Otago researchers". 3 November 2017.
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