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The domestic silk moth is an insect from the moth family Bombycidae. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth. The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silk moth. It is an economically important insect, being a primary producer of silk. A silkworm's preferred food are white mulberry leaves, though they may eat other mulberry species and even the osage orange. Domestic silk moths are entirely dependent on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silk moths are not as commercially viable in the production of silk.
Urokinase, also known as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), is a serine protease present in humans and other animals. The human urokinase protein was discovered, but not named, by McFarlane and Pilling in 1947. Urokinase was originally isolated from human urine, and it is also present in the blood and in the extracellular matrix of many tissues. The primary physiological substrate of this enzyme is plasminogen, which is an inactive form (zymogen) of the serine protease plasmin. Activation of plasmin triggers a proteolytic cascade that, depending on the physiological environment, participates in thrombolysis or extracellular matrix degradation. This cascade had been involved in vascular diseases and cancer progression.
Bombykol is a pheromone released by the female silkworm moth to attract mates. It is also the sex pheromone in the wild silk moth. Discovered by Adolf Butenandt in 1959, it was the first pheromone to be characterized chemically.
Fotis Constantine Kafatos was a Greek biologist. Between 2007-2010 he was the founding president of the European Research Council (ERC). He chaired the ERC Scientific Council from 2006-2010. Thereafter, he was appointed Honorary President of the ERC.
Furin is a protease, a proteolytic enzyme that in humans and other animals is encoded by the FURIN gene. Some proteins are inactive when they are first synthesized, and must have sections removed in order to become active. Furin cleaves these sections and activates the proteins. It was named furin because it was in the upstream region of an oncogene known as FES. The gene was known as FUR and therefore the protein was named furin. Furin is also known as PACE. A member of family S8, furin is a subtilisin-like peptidase.
Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases, enzymes capable of cleaving peptide bonds in proteins. In humans, plasma kallikrein has no known paralogue, while tissue kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) encode a family of fifteen closely related serine proteases. These genes are localised to chromosome 19q13, forming the largest contiguous cluster of proteases within the human genome. Kallikreins are responsible for the coordination of various physiological functions including blood pressure, semen liquefaction and skin desquamation.
Subtilisin is a protease initially obtained from Bacillus subtilis.
Kallikrein-14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK14 gene.
Prostasin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRSS8 gene.
Serratiopeptidase is a proteolytic enzyme (protease) produced by enterobacterium Serratia sp. E-15, now known as Serratia marcescens ATCC 21074. This microorganism was originally isolated in the late 1960s from silkworm intestine. Serratiopeptidase is present in the silkworm intestine and allows the emerging moth to dissolve its cocoon. Serratiopeptase is produced by purification from culture of Serratia E-15 bacteria. It is a member of the Peptidase M10B (Matrixin) family.
Carroll Milton Williams was an American zoologist known for his work in entomology and developmental biology—in particular, metamorphosis in insects, for which he won the George Ledlie Prize. He performed groundbreaking surgical experiments on larvae and pupae, and developed multiple new techniques, including the use of carbon dioxide as an anesthetic. His impact on entomology has been compared to that of Vincent Wigglesworth.
The pheromone biosynthesis activation neuropeptide (PBAN) is a neurohormone that activates the biosynthesis of pheromones in moths. Female moths release PBAN into their hemolymph during the scotophase to stimulate the biosynthesis of the unique pheromone that will attract the conspecific males. PBAN release is drastically reduced after mating, contributing to the loss in female receptivity. In black cutworm, it has been shown that the juvenile hormone helps induce release of PBAN which goes on to influence pheromone production and responsiveness in females and males, respectively. In the oriental tobacco budworm, the circadian rhythm of pheromone production is closely associated with PBAN release.
Bombyx huttoni, or the chocolate-tipped silk moth, is a moth belonging to the silk moth family, Bombycidae. It is closely related to the domestic silk moth.
Cannabidiolic acid synthase is an enzyme with systematic name cannabigerolate:oxygen oxidoreductase . It is an oxidoreductase found in Cannabis sativa that catalyses the formation of cannabidiolate, a carboxylated precursor of cannabidiol.
Lysyl endopeptidase is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Endopeptidase La is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Aureolysin is an extracellular metalloprotease expressed by Staphylococcus aureus. This protease is a major contributor to the bacterium's virulence, or ability to cause disease, by cleaving host factors of the innate immune system as well as regulating S. aureus secreted toxins and cell wall proteins. To catalyze its enzymatic activities, aureolysin requires zinc and calcium which it obtains from the extracellular environment within the host.
Juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) is an enzyme that inactivates insect juvenile hormones. This inactivation is accomplished through hydrolysis of the epoxide functional group contained within these hormones into diols. JHEH is one of two enzymes involved in the termination of signaling properties of the various juvenile hormones. The other is juvenile-hormone esterase, or JHE.
Glutamyl endopeptidase I is a family of extracellular bacterial serine proteases. The proteases within this family have been identified in species of Staphylococcus, Bacillus, and Streptomyces, among others. The two former are more closely related, while the Streptomyces-type is treated as a separate family, glutamyl endopeptidase II.
Helicoverpa zea nudivirus 2 is an enveloped, rod-shaped, nonoccluded, double stranded DNA (dsDNA) sexually transmitted virus whose natural host is the corn earworm moth. At about 440 by 90 nm, it is the causative agent of the only sexually transmitted viral disease of any insect. It was originally identified in a colony of corn earworm moths established and maintained in Stoneville, Mississippi, U.S. and was found to be responsible for the sterility of those infected.
References
- ↑ Cocoonase: III. PURIFICATION, PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION, AND ACTIVATION OF THE ZYMOGEN OF AN INSECT PROTEASE Edward Berger and Fotis C. Kafatos, Ronald L. Felsted and John H. Law; Journal of Biological Chemistry vol. 246, no. 13 (July 10, 1971); pp 4131-4137
- ↑ Cocoonase: I. PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME FROM SILK MOTHS Fotis C. Kafatos, Alan M. Tartakoff and John H. Law, Journal of Biological Chemistry vol. 242, 1477-87 (1967)
- ↑ Eguchi, M.; Iwamoto, A. (1975). "Rôle of the midgut, crop, and maxillae of Bombyx mori in the production of cocoon-digesting enzyme". Journal of Insect Physiology. 21 (7): 1365. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(75)90262-0.
- ↑ Gilbert Smith, Aide Macias-Muñoz, Adriana Briscoe (2016). "Gene Duplication and Gene Expression Changes Play a Role in the Evolution of Candidate Pollen Feeding Genes in Heliconius Butterflies". Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (8): 2581–96. doi:10.1093/gbe/evw180. PMC 5010911 . PMID 27553646.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY DURING THE LARVAL-PUPAL TRANSFORMATION OF HYALOPHORA CECROPIA REARED ON FOLIAGE AND SYNTHETIC DIET: EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE ON MIDGUT, FAT BODY AND INTEGUMENTARY ENZYMES, by James W. Johnston and Arthur M. Jungreis, Journal of Experimental Biology vol. 91 (1981), pp 255-269
- ↑ Cocoonase V. STRUCTURAL STUDIES ON AN INSECT SERINE PROTEASE Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine by Karl J. Kramer, Ronald L. Felsted, and John H. Law, Journal of Biological Chemistry vol. 248 (1973) no. 9, pp 3021-3028
- ↑ Moths of Australia by I. F. B. Common, published January 1990 by CSIRO Publishing, via Google Books
- ↑ PHYSIOLOGY OF INSECT ECDYSIS I. THE ECLOSION BEHAVIOUR OF SATURNIID MOTHS AND ITS HORMONAL RELEASE, from the Journal of Experimental Biology, by James W. Truman, vol. 54 (1971), pp 805-814
- ↑ Memorial Minutes on Carroll Williams (FAS) and Aaron Gissen (HMS) and Louis Zetzel (HMS) Archived June 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , from the Harvard Gazette; published March 21, 1996; retrieved November 16, 2011
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