1829 - first town plan
The first survey was completed in 1829, but was not published in its entirety until 1833. The plan was a semi-regular grid pattern bounded by Mount Eliza to the west, wetlands to the north, and tilted on an angle so that the principal streets ran parallel to the river, which formed the boundary to the south and the east. Stirling's instructions had been to orientate the streets towards the cardinal points of the compass, probably to take advantage of the western sea breeze. Roe, however, chose to run them parallel to the river, a decision some regard as a mistake. [7] To this day the presence of windy conditions in the central city continues to be a problem.
The basis of the 1829 plan was to have three principal streets parallel to the river, and three running north–south through the existing swamps. Along the length of the river bank ran a long, broad street that was to become the main thoroughfare - St Georges Terrace. It was 99 feet wide, the standard width for a main street in colonial planning. Stretching northwards from the center was another wide street - Stirling Street - that was to be the principal axis for northern expansion of the city. A large open space between St Georges Terrace and the river allowed for recreational pursuits and reflected Stirling's intention that Perth was to be the administrative centre of the colony. However, demand from speculators would lead to the subdivision and sale of land to the south of the Terrace. [7]
The plan centered on a large open space between Barrack and Pier Streets that was to contain a barracks and parade ground. The land to the west of the barracks was intended for trade and commerce, and in fact remains today as the commercial and financial center of the state economy. To the east of the barracks was the Government domain.
Stirling Square was marked out and set aside for a botanic garden. It became a small park, however and King's Park was retained for the display of native flora.
Land use regulations
Building regulations were published with the goal of creating an environment where the buildings had an air of gentility and respectability. Allotments along the most prestigious streets were granted strictly on the basis of social standing. This was done before general applications from settlers could be made. The Town Plan also employed a style of zoning and regulation that marked different blocks for different classes of occupants:
- Section A was designated for government offices.
- Section B for official persons.
- Section C for government employees and Tradesmen.
- Section D for doctors and others connected to the establishment and so on.
For example, to be granted land along King George's Terrace required one to construct a house at a minimum cost of 200 pounds, while houses on the secondary streets were to cost at least 100 pounds. In both areas houses were required to be built within two years. By requiring such high building values, and prompt development time, the regulations deliberately excluded those who lacked wealth and social status. [8]
An 1833 building code also required houses to be situated: "on the middle line of each lot and the front of the building to be 30 feet from the boundary of lot on the street". [9] This was intended to create a more open, spacious environment of detached houses surrounded by trees, orchards and gardens, a contrast to the busy streets, and tightly packed housing, of the urban landscape in the working class city of Fremantle.
A visitor to Perth in 1863 noted that in most towns the homes in the best parts of the town stood detached in their own gardens, whereas the appearance of Perth was that: "the whole place is rather that of one of those suburbs ... it makes the place much prettier than it would probably be if a larger trade were carried on there." [10]
Influences
The layout and design of Perth was influenced by the urban planning principles of the time, the colonial experience in Australia and elsewhere, and the practicalities of administrating land grants.
Historian Geoffrey Bolton identifies the New Town, Edinburgh as the model for the Perth layout. [11] It is probable that this was the case because Governor Stirling was a Scot, and a Scottish influence had already been established with the naming of the city after Perth, Scotland. [2] Between 1752 and 1822, Scottish Edinburgh had been extended in regularly surveyed street blocks that became famous for "dignified and orderly planning". [12] Although not explicitly acknowledged by them, the extension would have been well known to Stirling and Roe, and exerted an influence over their city design.
The town plan also shows the influence of Williamsburg, the capital of Virginia. Founded in 1699, this city was a model for many subsequent colonial capitals. Grid patterns had been appearing quite early in the towns of North and South America, [2] but these were based on the Iberian model of a perfect square. [13] Historian Felicity Morel-Edniebrown suggests that Williamsburg introduced the feature of a long, broad street with key buildings terminating its vistas. [3] Like Perth, the centre of the town was also dominated by a large open space known as Market Square. [14] This square separated the town into two large rectangles, east and west, [15] as the B Square on Barracks Street did in Perth. Also, like Williamsburg, Perth was conceived as the capital of a large and productive hinterland, within which the administrative, institutional, and religious powers of the state resided, where a colonial gentry could maintain social and business ties. [16] That this was the intention was well understood, as reflected by the comments of the naval surgeon T.B. Wilson, who visited Perth briefly in October 1829, and described the intended future of the main street:
the intended principal street of which, named St. George’s terrace, – where the future beaux and belles of Western Australia may, in after times, show off their reciprocal attractive charms – was, at present, only adorned with lofty trees, and a variety of lovely flowers. [17]
