Columbus Division of Police

Last updated

Columbus Division of Police
OH - Columbus Police.png
ColumbusPoliceSeal.png
ColumbusPoliceBadge.png
Common nameColumbus Police
AbbreviationCPD
MottoProfessionalism, Respect, Integrity, Discipline, Enthusiasm
Agency overview
Formed1816
Employees2,255 (2020)
Annual budget$360 million (2020) [1]
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdictionColumbus, Ohio, USA
Size223.11 sq mi (577.9 km2) (2013)
Population905,748 (2020)
General nature
Operational structure
Headquarters Columbus Division of Police Headquarters
Police Officers1,870 (2020)
Civilians385 (2020)
Agency executives
  • Elaine Bryant, Chief of Police
  • Lashanna Potts, Assistant Chief of Police
  • Gregory Bodker, Assistant Chief of Police
Subdivisions
List
  • Administrative
  • Investigative
  • Patrol North
  • Patrol South
  • Support Services
  • Homeland Security
Facilities
Precincts20
Motorcycles31
Police Boats5
Helicopters5
Canines12
Horses10
Website
Columbus Police Website

The Columbus Division of Police (CPD) is the primary law enforcement agency for the city of Columbus, Ohio, in the United States. It is the largest police department in Ohio, and among the twenty-five largest in the United States. [2] [3] It is composed of twenty precincts and numerous other investigative and support units. Chief Elaine Bryant assumed leadership of the Division in 2021. Special units of the Columbus Division of Police include a Helicopter Unit, Canine Unit, Mounted Unit, Community Response Teams, Marine Park Unit, and Special Weapons and Tactics Team (SWAT). [4]

Contents

As of June 2020, the Division was staffed with roughly 1,885 sworn police officers and 325+ civilian staff. In comparison, in 2016, the staffing was reported as 1,848 sworn officers and 416 civilian staff. The estimated total budget in 2016 was $310,139,284. [5]

History

The department was founded in 1816, when town marshals patrolled the city streets. In 1860, the marshals began operating out of the Central Market, sharing offices with city officials. In April 1873, the city organized the Metropolitan Police. Its first captain, Alexis Keeler, served for one year, and oversaw 19 night officers and six day officers. In 1879, the department opened its second headquarters, a station at the Columbus City Prison. The department and prisoners moved to the city workhouse in Franklinton in 1920. This building was severely damaged by a tornado in May 1929. Walls fell on 162 jail cells, killing two prisoners. In 1930, the department opened the Central Police Station, a new larger building, still extant. Finding the space too small by the 1990s, the department opened the current Columbus Division of Police Headquarters in 1991. [6]

Misconduct

On October 21, 1999, the US Department of Justice filed a lawsuit against the city based on its findings that "CPD officers are engaged in a pattern or practice of using excessive force, making false arrests and lodging false charges, and conducting improper searches and seizures in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution." [7] [8] A year later, the DOJ also found that the department engaged in racial profiling. [8] An effort to have the Division sign a Consent Decree failed, in part because the CPD union blocked it. [9] In 2002, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit after the city made changes on the use of force and the handling of complaints against officers. [8]

The Public Safety Director sometimes rehires police officers it has fired for misconduct. In 2016, Officer Eric Moore was fired for overtime fraud. He was later rehired. In that same year Office Chad Knode was fired for profiting off the sale of city-owned property. An investigation was centered on the misappropriation of items transferred to the Division from the US Department of Defense. He was rehired but his partner in the episode, Officer Steven Dean, was eventually jailed on unrelated charges. In 2017, Officer Zachary Rosen was fired for kicking a handcuffed man in the head. He was rehired after an Arbitrator ruled his firing was not inline with past practice. [10]

In June 2018, officers of the Division's Vice Unit improperly arrested Adult Performer Stormy Daniels at a strip club. The prosecution was declined by the Columbus City Attorney Office. Stormy Daniels has claimed that she had an affair with Donald Trump before he was elected U.S. president. [11] Later in the year a supervisor who had been recommended for firing by the Chief of Police due to discrimination charges was reinstated by the Safety Director.

Riot police in downtown Columbus during the 2020 George Floyd protests Downtown Columbus Protests 2 June 42.jpg
Riot police in downtown Columbus during the 2020 George Floyd protests

In March 2019. Officer Andrew Mitchell, a thirty-one-year veteran of the force, was charged by the United States District Attorney with kidnapping under the color of authority (law). He is accused of raping women that he had arrested in exchange for their freedom. The Franklin County Prosecutor's Office later acquired state level indictments against Officer Mitchell that involved a shooting and death of a female. [12] The ten-officer, three-supervisor VICE unit that he was a member has since been disbanded. The abolishment of this unit came after a month's long 'stand down' and unit review. The action to disband the unit had been anticipated for some time. [13]

The Columbus Division of Police has been criticized for its aggressive handling of the George Floyd protests happening in Columbus. On May 31, seven cases of excessive police force during the protests were reported by the local news site Columbus Navigator. They include instances of police using pepper spray on protesters walking away or leaving protests and removing a protester's mask in order to spray them. [14] On the following day, Mayor Andrew Ginther and Columbus City Council denounced the police chief and his officers for their aggressive tactics. Ginther created an independent review board for police actions: he asks protesters to report instances of excessive force by police during the protests, to be reviewed by a civilian from the Department of Public Safety's Equal Employment Opportunity Compliance Office. [15] [16] Janet E. Jackson was the first chair of the Columbus Civilian Police Review Board. [17] In 2021, a federal judge imposed an injunction on the CPD's use of tear gas and rubber bullets on protestors. The judge found that the department had used violence "random and indiscriminately" against peaceful protestors. [18]

In December 2020, an unarmed man, Andre Hill was killed by Officer Adam Coy. The officer, a seventeen-year veteran of the department was arrested and charged with murder, felonious assault and dereliction of duty. Police officers at the scene had not turned their body cameras on and did not give first aid to the dying man. The trial has been repeatedly postponed as of April, 2024.

On August 30, 2022, officer Ricky Anderson shot and killed Donovan Lewis while serving a warrant in the early hours of the morning. Lewis was unarmed and laying in his bed.

In response, Chief Elaine Bryant barred officers from executing arrest warrants at private homes for minor offenses between the hours of 11 pm and 6 am, unless approved by a lieutenant or higher officer. [19]

Funding and overruns

The City of Columbus plans to spend $359 million on the department in 2020, including $332 million in personnel costs. This is contrasted by Cleveland at $218 million and Cincinnati at $151 million. [20] The city has spent about $300 million each year on the department. 2019 costs include $345 million for police, $266 million for fire, $40 million in development (planning, housing, administration, etc.) $24 million for the health department, $5 million for the neighborhoods department, $40 million for recreation and parks, $31 million for trash collection, and about $31 million on its municipal court. [21]

The department was criticized in 2010 for funding its officers to become taxpayer-funded millionaires. Upper-management officers, through the Deferred Retirement Option Plan (DROP), can retire at age 48 and receive 60-72 percent of their salary as a pension, and still have the option of working and earning a salary. The program allows these officers to receive lump sums of $1 million, with annual raises of 3 percent. Individual officers living to age 78 are eligible to collect $3.25 million from taxpayers through the program, with only $74,000 contributed from the officer. The DROP program is kept largely secret, with no official estimate of the overall expense. [22]

The Deferred Retirement Option Plan (DROP) was first requested by the Ohio Chief of Police and Ohio Fire Chiefs as a means to retain trained and seasoned employees. This optional benefit allows members who are eligible to retire to stay on duty serving their communities for up to eight years. Although different opinions exist concerning the DROP program it has allowed for retention of firefighters and police officers that would have otherwise not been replaced due to budgetary concerns. [23] The program is administered by the Police & Fire Retirement Fund (OP&F). This fund was created in 1965 in an effort to consolidate 454 local public safety pension funds across Ohio. Currently OP&F serves approximately 27,000 active members and more than 30,000 retirees and their beneficiaries. [24] The fund receives monies from active member and their employers and distributes benefits to retirees and other beneficiaries and directed by the board of directors.

The department operates six aircraft, including five helicopters. [25] The fleet costs taxpayers $6.55 million a year. [25] The cost of the fleet equals the base salaries for 70 police officers at the top of the nine-year union step schedule of $92,934 a year. [25] Along with the commander of the helicopter unit, there are 20 pilots. [25] In 2021, the unit stirred controversy when one of its helicopters spelled CPD in flight, as viewed in a flight-tracker. [26]

Training

The division's police academy is the James G. Jackson Police Training Academy. The program involves 31 weeks of training at the academy, followed by 15 weeks of field training. [27] Some recruits at the academy train to join the Columbus police, but the academy also serves other police departments in central Ohio. [28] Standards and testing for police are set by the statewide Ohio Peace Officer Training Academy. [28]

Structure

Columbus Division of Police Headquarters, in the city's downtown Civic Center Columbus Division of Police Headquarters 1.jpg
Columbus Division of Police Headquarters, in the city's downtown Civic Center

The Columbus Division of Police has a total of six subdivisions. The subdivisions include Patrol Operations, Public Accountability, Criminal Investigations, Support Services, Community Services and Special Operations. Each subdivision is commanded by a deputy chief. As the Division has grown in size the number of subdivisions has increased. As of 2015, the Division had 460 marked patrol vehicles, 410 unmarked vehicles, 31 motorcycles, 154 bicycles, five boats, ten horses, twelve police dogs, and five helicopters. [5]

Rank structure

Current rankings are as follows: (generally as of 2021)

RANKINSIGNIAEPAULETCOAT SLEEVE
Chief of police
US-O10 insignia.svg
CPD Chief of Police Epaulet.jpg CPD Chief of Police Sleeve.jpg
Assistant Chief
US-O9 insignia.svg
CPD Assistant Chief Epaulet.jpg CPD Assistant Chief Sleeve.jpg
Deputy Chief
US-O8 insignia.svg
CPD Deputy Chief Epaulet.jpg CPD Deputy Chief Sleeve.jpg
Commander
US-O5 insignia.svg
CPD Commander Epaulet.jpg CPD Commander Sleeve.jpg
Lieutenant
US-O2 insignia.svg
CPD Lt Epaulet.jpg CPD Lt sleeve.jpg
Sergeant
SCSO Sergeant.png
NoneNone
Police Officer No InsigniaNoneNone
CPD 2015 Organization Chart 2015 Organizational Chart Page 3.jpg
CPD 2015 Organization Chart

Patrol North and Patrol South Subdivisions

Deputy Chief Elrico Alli supervises the Patrol North Subdivision while Deputy Chief Kelly Weiner supervises the Patrol South Subdivision. There are six Patrol Zones that cover all geographical areas of the city. These zones are further divided into twenty precincts. The two Subdivisions are the largest by staffing within the Division. Uniformed Patrol Officers handle dispatched calls for service from residents and patrol the incorporated area. [29]

Public Accountability Subdivision

The Public Accountability Subdivision includes the Fiscal Management Bureau, Human Resources Bureau, Professional Standards Bureau, and Internal Affairs Bureau. Background Investigations for police recruits falls within this subdivision as well. [29]

Criminal Investigations Subdivision

The Criminal Investigations Subdivision's Deputy Chief is Smith Weir. The Criminal Investigations Subdivision includes Major Crimes Bureau, Drug Crimes Bureau, and Special Victims Bureau. Homicide, Robbery, Gun Crimes, Drug Task Forces, Sexual Assault and Missing Persons are only some of the investigative units assigned under this subdivision. [29]

Support Services Subdivision

Deputy Chief Timothy Myers leads the Support Services Subdivision, which includes the following bureaus: Forensics, Records Management, Support Operations and Wellness. These bureaus include units such as the Crime Lab, Fleet, Records, Identification, Evidence, Impound, Therapy Dogs, and Court Liaison. [29]

Special Operations Subdivision

This Subdivision's Deputy Chief is Robert Sagle. The Special Operations Subdivision includes the Communications Bureau, Special Services Bureau, and Traffic Bureau. The 911 Call Center, SWAT, Homeland Security and Special Events are managed in this subdivision [29] The City of Columbus announced that in 2021 the Communications Bureau would be transferred to the Public Safety Department. It will be led by a civilian supervisor and will provided services to the Fire and Police Divisions.

Chiefs of Police

The department's current chief of police is Elaine Bryant. Previous chiefs include interim Chief Michael Woods - appointed 2021, Thomas Quinlan - appointed 2019, Kimberley Jacobs - appointed 2012, Interim Chief Gammill - appointed 2012, Distelzweig - appointed 2009, James G. Jackson - appointed 1990, D. Joseph - appointed 1983, Burden - appointed 1972, and W. Joseph appointed 1970. [30]

Labor representation

Police officers employed by the city are represented by their local union, Fraternal Order of Police Capital City Lodge No. 9. The union represents policemen in 28 departments in the central Ohio region. Public workers gained the right to organize in 1984. [31]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Los Angeles Police Department</span> Primary law enforcement agency of Los Angeles, California, United States

The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), officially known as the City of Los Angeles Police Department, is the primary law enforcement agency of Los Angeles, California, United States. With 8,832 officers and 3,000 civilian staff, it is the third-largest municipal police department in the United States, after the New York City Police Department and the Chicago Police Department.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York City Police Department</span> Municipal police force of New York City

The New York City Police Department (NYPD), officially the City of New York Police Department, is the primary law enforcement agency within New York City. Established on May 23, 1845, the NYPD is the largest, and one of the oldest, municipal police departments in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philadelphia Police Department</span> Police agency in Philadelphia, US

The Philadelphia Police Department is the police agency responsible for law enforcement and investigations within the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The PPD is one of the oldest municipal police agencies, fourth-largest police force and sixth-largest non-federal law enforcement agency in the United States. Since records were first kept in 1828, at least 289 PPD officers have died in the line of duty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oklahoma City Police Department</span>

The Oklahoma City Police Department (OCPD), was established in 1889 following the Land Run. The OCPD is the largest law enforcement agency in the State of Oklahoma and has primary police jurisdiction within the corporate limits of the City of Oklahoma City. The OCPD is one of the oldest police departments in Oklahoma, tracing its roots back to Indian Territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louisville Metro Police Department</span>

The Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) began operations on January 6, 2003, as part of the creation of the consolidated city-county government in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It was formed by the merger of the Jefferson County Police Department and the Louisville Division of Police. The Louisville Metro Police Department has been headed by Jacquelyn Gwinn-Villaroel since January 2, 2023. LMPD divides Jefferson County into eight patrol divisions and operates a number of special investigative and support units. The LMPD is currently negotiating a consent decree with the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) subsequent to a 2023 investigation by the DOJ that concluded that the LMPD engaged in a decades long pattern of civil rights abuses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department</span> Law enforcement agency in St. Louis City, Missouri, US

The Metropolitan Police Department – City of St. Louis is the primary law enforcement agency for the U.S. city of St. Louis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Louis County Police Department</span> Law enforcement agency in St. Louis County, Missouri, US

The St. Louis County Police Department (SLCPD) is the primary and largest law enforcement agency serving St. Louis County in the U.S. state of Missouri. The current Chief of Police is Colonel Kenneth Gregory. According to the Charter of St. Louis County, the county police chief has all of the criminal law enforcement duties of the sheriff of St. Louis County, except for the operation of the St. Louis County Jail, which is handled by the St. Louis County Department of Justice Services (civilian), court bailiff and service of civil process. Court bailiff/civil process duties are provided by a court-appointed sheriff and his employees, none of whom have law enforcement powers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleveland Division of Police</span> Law enforcement agency of Cleveland, Ohio, United States

The Cleveland Division of Police (CDP) is the governmental agency responsible for law enforcement in the city of Cleveland, Ohio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phoenix Police Department</span> Arizona Law enforcement agency

The Phoenix Police Department is the law enforcement agency responsible for the city of Phoenix, Arizona. As of October 2021, the Phoenix Police Department comprises just under 2,800 officers, some 350 below authorized strength of 3,125 and more than 1,000 support personnel. The department serves a population of more than 1.6 million and patrol almost 516 square miles (1,340 km2) of the fifth largest city in the United States. Phoenix has one of the highest rates of police killings in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organization of the New York City Police Department</span> Law enforcement command structure

The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is structured into numerous bureaus and units. As a whole, the NYPD is headed by the Police Commissioner, a civilian administrator appointed by the Mayor, with the senior sworn uniformed officer of the service titled "Chief of Department". The Police Commissioner appoints the First Deputy Commissioner as the department's second-in-command and the Chief of Department as the department's highest ranking uniformed officer. The commissioner also appoints a number of deputy and assistant commissioners who do not have operational command and are solely for support and administrative function. The department is divided into twenty bureaus, six of which are enforcement bureaus. Each enforcement bureau is further subdivided into sections, divisions, and units, and into patrol boroughs, precincts, and detective squads. Each bureau is commanded by a bureau chief. There are also a number of specialized units that are not part of any of the bureaus and report to the Chief of the Department.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Jose Police Department</span> Police agency for San Jose, California

The San Jose Police Department (SJPD) is the police agency for San Jose, California. The San Jose Police Department is led by Chief of Police Anthony Mata.

The Columbia Police Department (CPD) is the principal law enforcement agency serving the city of Columbia, Missouri in the United States. It protects a metropolitan population of nearly 127,000 with 187 sworn police officers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Ginther</span> 53rd mayor of Columbus, Ohio, US

Andrew James Ginther is an American Democratic politician, the 53rd mayor of Columbus, Ohio, and the 48th person to serve in that office. He previously served as President of Columbus City Council from 2011 until 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Floyd protests in Columbus, Ohio</span> 2020 civil unrest in Columbus, Ohio after the murder of George Floyd

The George Floyd protests were a series of protests and civil disturbances that initially started in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area of Minnesota, United States, before spreading nationwide. In Columbus, Ohio, unrest began on May 28, 2020, two days after incidents began in Minneapolis. The events were a reaction to the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officer Derek Chauvin, who knelt on Floyd's neck for over nine minutes, asphyxiating him.

The Columbus Division of Fire (CFD) provides fire protection and emergency medical services to Columbus, Ohio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Government of Columbus, Ohio</span> City government

The government of Columbus, Ohio, headquartered at Columbus City Hall in Downtown Columbus, is organized into a mayor-council system. The mayor is responsible for the administration of city government. The Columbus City Council is a unicameral body consisting of seven members elected or appointed at-large. The city has numerous government agencies, responsible for public education, health, and safety; emergency services; recreational facilities; sanitation; water supply; and welfare services.

On December 22, 2020, 47-year-old Andre Hill was shot and killed by Officer Adam Coy of the Columbus Division of Police in Columbus, Ohio. Coy had been called to the neighborhood in response to a non-emergency call from a neighbor who reportedly witnessed someone sit in an SUV and turn the car on and off. Hill was leaving a friend's house when Coy confronted and shot him. Hill was unarmed, and was holding a smartphone. Coy was fired from the Columbus Police less than a week later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">77 North Front Street</span> City office building in Columbus, Ohio

77 North Front Street is a municipal office building of Columbus, Ohio, in the city's downtown Civic Center. The building, originally built as the Central Police Station in 1930, operated in that function until 1991. After about two decades of vacancy, the structure was renovated for city agency use in 2011.

Racism is a prevailing issue in the city of Columbus, Ohio, United States. Minority groups may face some societal, health, and legal challenges not experienced by non-minority residents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Columbus Division of Police Headquarters</span> Building in Columbus, Ohio

The Columbus Division of Police Headquarters is the central office of the Columbus Division of Police, of Columbus, Ohio. The building is located in the city's downtown Civic Center. It is the fifth headquarters for the Columbus police department. The eight-story building was designed by Brubaker/Brandt in the postmodern style, and reflects elements of City Hall's design.

References

  1. Sullivan, Carl; Baranauckas, Carla (June 26, 2020). "Here's how much money goes to police departments in largest cities across the U.S." USA Today . Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  2. Based upon the number of sworn law enforcement officers. "About CPD". Columbus Division of Police. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  3. "Local Police Departments, 2007" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  4. "2006 Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
  5. 1 2 "Annual Reports". www.columbus.gov.
  6. https://infoweb-newsbank-com.webproxy3.columbuslibrary.org/apps/news/document-view?p=WORLDNEWS&t=favorite%3ACOLUMBUS%21Columbus%2520Dispatch%2520Historical%2520and%2520Current&sort=_rank_%3AD&page=1&fld-base-0=alltext&maxresults=20&val-base-0=police%20headquarters&docref=news/10E0D8A10F265F48 [ bare URL ]
  7. Lee, Bill Lann (August 6, 2015). Columbus Finding Letter. US Justice Department.
  8. 1 2 3 "Columbus mayor requests federal probe of police force". AP NEWS. April 28, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  9. "Ohio City's Police Union Fights U.S. in Brutality Case". The New York Times. Associated Press. November 26, 1999. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  10. Namigadde, Adora (October 9, 2017). "Return To Duty: Why Columbus Police Officers Can Be Rehired After Misconduct". WOSU. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  11. Swenson, Kyle (March 22, 2019). "This police unit went after Stormy Daniels for 'moral' crimes. Now due to misconduct, it has been disbanded". Washington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  12. Rosenberg, Gabe (March 11, 2019). WOSU [Columbus Police Vice Officer Indicted On Federal Charges Columbus Police Vice Officer Indicted On Federal Charges]. Retrieved May 25, 2019.{{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. Swenson, Kyle (March 22, 2019). "A police unit went after Stormy Daniels for 'moral' crimes. Now due to misconduct, it has been disbanded". Washington Post. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  14. "Out Of Control Columbus Police : 24 Instances Of Police Vs. Protestor Violence". Columbus Navigator. May 30, 2020.
  15. Bill Bush. "Columbus City Council, Mayor Ginther call for civilian police-oversight panel - News - The Columbus Dispatch - Columbus, OH". Dispatch.com. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  16. "Ginther asks people to submit reports of excessive force by Columbus police for civilian review | WBNS-10TV Columbus, Ohio | Columbus News, Weather & Sports". 10tv.com. June 2020. Archived from the original on June 4, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  17. "Chair of Columbus Civilian Police Review Board stepping away in April". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
  18. Villegas, Paulina. "Columbus police may not use tear gas, rubber bullets on peaceful protesters after running 'amok', judge rules". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  19. "Columbus police policy change puts restrictions on serving warrants overnight". 10TV. September 8, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
  20. Chow, Andy (June 15, 2020). "Calls To 'Defund The Police' Reach Ohio, But Politicians Shoot Them Down". radio.wosu.org.
  21. "2020 Operating Budget". www.columbus.gov.
  22. McCleary, Mary (October 2010). "Dipped in Gold: Public-Service Millionaires" (PDF). The Buckeye Institute for Public Policy Solutions. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  23. "OP&F History - Celebrating 50 Years - OP&F".
  24. "About Ohio Police and Fire Pension Fund - OP&F". www.op-f.org.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Bush, Bill. "Could Columbus defund police helicopters?". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  26. "Columbus police helicopter goes on skywriting joyride". Columbus Alive. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  27. Bethany Bruner, Columbus police say 2021 applicant pool most diverse on record, The Columbus Dispatch (August 19, 2020).
  28. 1 2 Bethany Bruner,Coronavirus may delay entry of new police officers because of impact on academy training, The Columbus Dispatch (August 19, 2020).
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 "Organizational Structure". columbus.gov. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
  30. Rouan, Rick. "Retiring Columbus Police Chief Kim Jacobs leaves complicated legacy". The Columbus Dispatch.
  31. Oliphint, Joel. "The city and the FOP: A decades-old drama boils over" . Retrieved March 19, 2021.