Flottes de combat , translated as Combat Fleets of the World, is an almanac and reference book for the world's navies. Arranged by nation, listings include ship names, construction information, engineering characteristics, and armament specifications. Most listings include one or more photographs along with relevant observations. Sometimes, there is an elevation drawing to indicate particular characteristics. It is published in French and English.
The information provided comes from open-source intelligence, as well as correspondence with a variety of knowledgeable sources. Sister publications, Weyer's Flottentaschenbuch and Jane's Fighting Ships, are also consulted. [1]
The original French edition was started by Commandant de Balincourt in 1897. [2] The current publisher is Éditions Maritimes & d’Outre-Mer of Rennes, a subsidiary of Ouest-France . The English version, known as Combat Fleets of the World, has been published by Naval Institute Press in Annapolis (United States) since 1977. The latest English edition, the 16th, was published in 2013 . The latest French edition was published in 2018. The future of this publication is in some doubt.
The English language version appears months after the French language version. As a result, updates are included that make the editions differ in detail. Other differences include the French version reporting propulsion characteristics including both horsepower and kilowattage, while the English version lists only horsepower. [3] In the French edition, the listings begin with France, then other countries follow alphabetically. The English version is alphabetical, without regard to France bring first. Each language can have different names for countries, such as: Pays-Bas/Netherlands. So, the alphabetical order is different for each version. As such, layouts vary, and the versions do not match on a page by page basis.
The first editions were in the landscape format and quite small (16x12 cm). Line drawings with side and overhead elevations were provided for visual identification. There were no photographs. By 1915, and perhaps earlier, editions were a bit larger (18x13 cm). The 1927 edition carried some photographs. Major changes came with the 1929 edition. It was larger (14x22 cm), and the portrait format was introduced. Photographs and line drawings accompanied most of the listings. The format would revert to landscape, and have another dimension adjustment (21.5 x 21 cm), with the 1947 edition. The "Les" in the title was minimized beginning in 1960, and dropped altogether by 1972. The page count would be the next major change. It went from 449 in 1972, to 698 in 1980. This allowed for expanded coverage of individual ship classes, as well as additional, larger photographs and line drawings. In 1998, a section was devoted to color photographs. By 2004 color photographs were common throughout the book. Also, the page count was up to 1200, allowing for a more thorough examination of the fleets. [4]
Start date | End | Name |
---|---|---|
1897 | 1928 | Commandant de Balincourt |
1928 | 1943 | Commandant Vincent-Bréchignac |
1943 | 1974 | Henri Le Masson |
1974 | 1988 | Jean Labayle-Couhat |
1988 | 2016 | Commandant Bernard Prézelin |
2018 | Stéphane Gallois and Alexandre Sheldon-Duplaix | |
Start date | End | Name |
---|---|---|
1977 | 2002 | A. D. Baker III |
2002 | Eric Wertheim |
The French Navy, informally La Royale, is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the four military service branches of France. It is among the largest and most powerful naval forces in the world recognised as being a blue-water navy. The French Navy is capable of operating globally and conducting expeditionary missions, maintaining a significant overseas presence. The French Navy is one of eight naval forces currently operating fixed-wing aircraft carriers, with its flagship Charles de Gaulle being the only nuclear-powered aircraft carrier outside the United States Navy, and one of two non-American vessels to use catapults to launch aircraft.
Janes Fighting Ships is an annual reference book of each country's navy and coast guard, along with their weapons and aircraft. Included are ship names, construction data, size, speed, range, complement, engineering, armament, and sensors. This is generally followed by relevant commentary. Originally, it was illustrated with ink sketches done by founder, Fred T. Jane (1865-1916). It is his surname "Jane" that makes this title distinctive.
The Naval Annual was a periodical that provided considerable text and graphic information which had previously been obtainable only by consulting a wide range of often foreign language publications. During its life it underwent a number of title changes.
Masséna was a pre-dreadnought battleship of the French Navy, built in the 1890s. She was a member of a group of five broadly similar battleships, along with Charles Martel, Jauréguiberry, Bouvet, and Carnot, that were ordered in response to the British Royal Sovereign class. She was named in honour of Marshal of France André Masséna. Masséna significantly exceeded her design weight and suffered from serious stability problems that inhibited accurate firing of her guns; as a result, she was considered to be an unsuccessful design.
Provence was one of three Bretagne-class battleships built for the French Navy in the 1910s, named in honor of the French region of Provence; she had two sister ships, Bretagne and Lorraine. Provence entered service in March 1916, after the outbreak of World War I. She was armed with a main battery of ten 340 mm (13.4 in) guns and had a top speed of 20 knots.
The Battle of Martinique, or Combat de la Martinique, was a naval encounter on 18 December 1779 between a British 13-ship squadron under Admiral Hyde Parker and a three-ship French division under Admiral Lamotte-Picquet near the island of Martinique in the West Indies.
Carnot was a pre-dreadnought battleship of the French Navy. She was laid down in July 1891, launched in July 1894, and completed in July 1897. She was a member of a group of five broadly similar battleships, along with Charles Martel, Jauréguiberry, Bouvet, and Masséna, which were ordered in response to the British Royal Sovereign class. Like her half-sisters, she was armed with a main battery of two 305 mm (12 in) guns and two 274 mm (10.8 in) guns in individual turrets. She had a top speed of 17.8 knots.
Charles Martel was a pre-dreadnought battleship of the French Navy built in the 1890s. Completed in 1897, she was a member of a group of five broadly similar battleships ordered as part of the French response to a major British naval construction program. The five ships were built to the same basic design parameters, though the individual architects were allowed to deviate from each other in other details. Like her half-sisters—Carnot, Jauréguiberry, Bouvet, and Masséna—she was armed with a main battery of two 305 mm (12 in) guns and two 274 mm (10.8 in) guns. The ship had a top speed of 18 knots.
Amiral Duperré was an ironclad barbette ship built for the French Navy in the 1870s and 1880s; she was the first vessel of that type built by France. She carried her main battery of four 34 cm (13.4 in) guns individually in open barbette mountings, which offered increased fields of fire compared to earlier central battery ships, though they were less well protected. Amiral Duperré was ordered as part of a French naval construction program aimed at countering the growth of the Italian fleet, which had begun work on the very large ironclads of the Duilio and Italia classes in the early 1870s. The Italian vessels, armed with 45 cm (17.7 in) guns, prompted public outcry in France that pressured the navy to develop larger guns for its own ships. Amiral Duperré's design served as the basis for several follow-on classes, including the Bayard and Amiral Baudin classes.
The Charles Martel class was a planned class of ironclad barbette ships of the French Navy. The class comprised two ships, Charles Martel and Brennus, and represented an incremental improvement over the preceding Marceau class, being larger, but carrying the same main battery of four 340 mm (13.4 in) guns in single mounts. Details of the ships' construction are unclear and contradictory, with various sources reporting that both ships were laid down, or that only Brennus was begun; neither ship was launched before they were cancelled in 1884 or 1886. Some sources indicate that Brennus was redesigned and completed as France's first pre-dreadnought battleship, Brennus, but most other historians dispute the idea.
Bayard was the lead ship of the Bayard class of ironclad barbette ships built for the French Navy in the late 1870s and 1880s. Intended for service in the French colonial empire, she was designed as a "station ironclad", smaller versions of the first-rate vessels built for the main fleet. The Vauban class was a scaled down variant of Amiral Duperré. They carried their main battery of four 240 mm (9.4 in) guns in open barbettes, two forward side-by-side and the other two aft on the centerline. Bayard was laid down in 1876 and was commissioned in 1882.
The D'Estrées class comprised two protected cruisers of the French Navy built in the late 1890s. The two ships were D'Estrées and Infernet, though a third was projected but was canceled before work began. They were ordered during a period of intense debate in the French fleet between officers who favored large armored cruisers and those who preferred smaller vessels more suited to long-distance cruising abroad. The D'Estrées-class cruisers were intended to operate in the French colonial empire. The ships were armed with a main battery of two 138 mm (5.4 in) guns supported by four 100 mm (3.9 in) guns and they had a top speed of 20 to 20.5 knots.
The Océan-class ironclads were a class of three wooden-hulled armored frigates built for the French Navy in the mid to late 1860s. Océan attempted to blockade Prussian ports in the Baltic Sea in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War and Marengo participated in the French conquest of Tunisia in 1881. Suffren was often used as the flagship for the Cherbourg Division, the Channel Division, Mediterranean Squadron and the Northern Squadron during her career. The ships were discarded during the 1890s.
NMS Trotușul was a small torpedo boat of the Romanian Navy. Along with her three sister ships, she saw service during World War I and World War II, being the most successful vessel in her class.
The Friant class comprised three protected cruisers of the French Navy built in the early 1890s; the three ships were Friant, Bugeaud, and Chasseloup-Laubat. They were ordered as part of a naval construction program directed at France's rivals, Italy and Germany, particularly after Italy made progress in modernizing its own fleet. The plan was also intended to remedy a deficiency in cruisers that had been revealed during training exercises in the 1880s. As such, the Friant-class cruisers were intended to operate as fleet scouts and in the French colonial empire. The ships were armed with a main battery of six 164 mm (6.5 in) guns supported by four 100 mm (3.9 in) guns and they had a top speed of 18.7 knots.
HMS Leda was an Alarm-class torpedo gunboat of the British Royal Navy. She was built by Sheerness Dockyard from 1891–1893. She was converted to a minesweeper in 1908–1909 and continued these duties during the First World War. Leda was scrapped in 1922.
The Forbin class was a group of three protected cruisers built for the French Navy in the late 1880s and early 1890s. The class comprised Forbin, Coëtlogon, and Surcouf. They were ordered as part of a fleet program that, in accordance with the theories of the Jeune École, proposed a fleet based on cruisers and torpedo boats to defend France. The Forbin-class cruisers were intended to serve as flotilla leaders for the torpedo boats, and they were armed with a main battery of four 138 mm (5.4 in) guns.
Sfax was a protected cruiser built for the French Navy in the 1880s. She was the first vessel of the type to be built for the French Navy, which was a development from earlier unprotected cruisers like Milan. Unlike the earlier vessels, Sfax carried an armor deck that covered her propulsion machinery and ammunition magazines. Intended to be used as a commerce raider in the event of war with Great Britain, Sfax was rigged as a barque to supplement her engines on long voyages abroad. She was armed with a main battery of six 164 mm (6.5 in) guns and a variety of lighter weapons.
Linois was the lead ship of her class of protected cruisers built for the French Navy in the 1890s. The class was ordered as part of a construction program directed at strengthening the fleet's cruiser force. At the time, France was concerned with the growing naval threat of the Italian and German fleets, and the new cruisers were intended to serve with the main fleet, and overseas in the French colonial empire. Linois was armed with a main battery of four 138.6 mm (5.5 in) guns, was protected by an armored deck 40 mm (1.6 in) thick, and had a top speed of 20.5 knots.
Galilée was a protected cruiser of the French Navy built in the 1890s; she was the second member of the Linois class, which was ordered as part of a construction program directed at strengthening the fleet's cruiser force. At the time, France was concerned with the growing naval threat of the Italian and German fleets, and the new cruisers were intended to serve with the main fleet, and overseas in the French colonial empire. Galilée was armed with a main battery of four 138.6 mm (5.5 in) guns, was protected by an armor deck that was 40 mm (1.6 in) thick and she had a top speed of 20.5 knots.
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