On July 21, 1865 Harvard University held a Commemoration Day as part of that year's Commencement Week, to celebrate the end of the American Civil War and honor the Harvard alumni who had served and died in it. [1]
Shortly after the Battle of Appomattox Court House and the formalization of Confederate surrender, a "spontaneous movement" of Harvard alumni developed in support of honoring "Harvard soliders living and dead". [2] Of the then 2700 living graduates of Harvard (per 1863 records), nearly 600 had served in the Civil War with 99 dying in the Union Army during the war. [3] Contemporary sources suggest that Colonel Henry Lee of the Harvard class of 1836 was one of the key instigators of the commemoration plan. [4] Harvard graduates assembled in Chickering's Concert Room on the 12th of May, 1865 to begin putting together plans for a "public recognition of the services rendered the country by graduates and students of the College during the War of the Rebellion". [5]
John Knowles Paine, who had been appointed as Harvard's first Instructor of Music in 1862, was responsible for arranging music for the commemoration events. He arranged a choir of students, graduates, and members of the Harvard Musical Association along with others from the surrounding Boston and Cambridge area. [6] The choir was accompanied by a twenty-six instrument orchestra, who had rehearesed with the choir only once prior to the event. [7] A "Commemoration Ode" delivered as part of the ceremonies by James Russell Lowell was widely reprinted. [8]
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Events from the year 1798 in the United States.
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The "Commemoration Ode" is an 1865 poem by James Russell Lowell. It was written for Harvard's Commemoration Day. Though the Ode received a lackluster reception when Lowell first delivered it on July 21, 1865, after it was republished later that year it gained a more positive reputation. By the 1870s the poem was very highly thought of, an opinion which gradually shifted in the mid-20th century, and it has since been less popular or praised.
Bibliography of early American publishers and printers is a selection of books, journals and other publications devoted to these topics covering their careers and other activities before, during and after the American Revolution. Various works that are not primarily devoted to those topics, but whose content devotes itself to them in significant measure, are sometimes included here also. Works about Benjamin Franklin, a famous printer and publisher, among other things, are too numerous to list in this bibliography, can be found at Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin, and are generally not included here unless they are intensely devoted to Franklin's printing career. Single accounts of printers and publishers that occur in encyclopedia articles are not included here.
This is a select bibliography of English language books and journal articles about the history of Poland. A brief selection of English translations of primary sources is included. Book entries have references to journal articles and reviews about them when helpful. Additional bibliographies can be found in many of the book-length works listed below; see Further reading for several book and chapter-length bibliographies. The External links section contains entries for publicly available select bibliographies from universities and national libraries. This bibliography specifically excludes non-history related works and self-published books.